Archives of Gastroenterology Research

Case Report Open Access

Disease Resolution after Cessation of Treatment in Patients with Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Qian Yuan, MD, PhD, Jonathan N. Glickman, MD, PhD, Wayne G. Shreffler, MD, PhD

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the esophagus. EoE is triggered in most patients by dietary allergens and mediated by type 2 immune responses. Over the past 3 decades, substantial progresses have been made in understanding EoE pathogenesis, management, and natural history. EoE affects children and adults, and the incidence and prevalence have increased over time. Untreated EoE can lead to severe complications including food impaction, small caliber esophagus, esophageal stricture, and esophageal perforation.

Mini Review Open Access

Gastrointestinal Reflux Related Aspiration (GRASP) and Airway Injury after Lung Transplantation: Insights into Pathophysiology and Role of Airway Biomarkers for Risk Stratification

Miguel M. Leiva-Juarez, MD, MSE, Frank D’Ovidio, MD, PhD

Lung transplantation remains the only long term treatment for end-stage pulmonary disease. The main limitation to allograft survival beyond the first year post transplant is development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Among survivors, CLAD will develop in virtually all recipients and often will show signs of airway injury before any clinical manifestations appear. There is currently no specific treatment available and management depends largely on modification of risk factors. Recent efforts by our group and others have focused on understanding the underlying pathophysiology and development of clinical biomarkers to diagnose CLAD early and allow risk stratification before irreversible allograft injury.

Case Report Open Access

Intestinal Intussusception in Adults Due to Lipoma: Is Preoperative Diagnosis Possible. Case Report and Literature Review

Emily Rios, Flávio Silano, Ricardo Bandeira de Melo Amaral, Rodolfo Carvalho Santana, Paulo Cezar Galvão do Amaral

Intestinal intussusception in adults is quite rare, accounting for 1-5% of cases of intestinal semi-occlusion. The most frequent symptoms are nausea, vomiting and abdominal distension, as in any obstructive condition seen in the emergency room. Most cases of intestinal intussusception do not have a preoperative etiological diagnosis, due to difficulty in interpreting the radiological image. Case report of a 62-year-old male patient who was admitted to the emergency room at Hospital da Cidade in Salvador- Bahia- Brazil with semi-occlusion secondary to intestinal intussusception.

Clinical Image Open Access

A Case of Spontaneous Rectal Perforation in a Constipated Elderly Patient

Vishal Bodh, Brij Sharma, Harmandeep Singh Thabal, Anshul Bhateja

An elderly male patient, aged 90 years, presented to the outpatient department of our institution with a documented history of constipation persisting for a span of twenty days, accompanied by bleeding per rectum exacerbated by straining. Notably, there were no alarming signs such as weight loss, loss of appetite, or anemia. The patient’s general and systemic examination yielded normal results, with laboratory parameters, including tumor markers such as serum CEA, within normal limits. Further evaluation through a proctoscopy examination revealed normal findings, following which the patient was prescribed laxatives and supportive treatments. However, the patient reported back following a few days with persistent symptoms including fever, chills, and rigors.

Research Article Open Access

Fecal Loading Evaluation by Two Radiological Scores: Comparisons between Functional Constipation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Constipation in Children and Adolescents

Gabriela Nascimento Hercos, Mary de Assis Carvalho, Juliana Tedesco Dias, Carine Dias Ferreira de Jesus, Nilton Carlos Machado

Compare fecal loading (FL) using Leech and Starreveld methods in children and adolescents with functional constipation (FC) or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C). Single-center, observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study of consecutive cases referred with unresponsive constipation. Inclusion criteria: FC and IBS-C, according to the Rome IV Criteria, age between 4 and 15 years old. Exclusion criteria: underlying chronic disorders,  no medication during the two weeks preceding the radiography. 

Review Article Open Access

Translating Molecular Heterogeneity into Precision Medicine for Advanced Liver Disease

Tamer A. Addissouky

Background: Liver fibrosis arises from chronic hepatic injury and involves the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Fibrosis progression ultimately leads to cirrhosis, characterized by architectural distortion and complications. Molecular profiling has identified prognostic transcriptomic subtypes, but management remains limited for advanced disease. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify recent advances in characterizing liver cirrhosis subtypes and emerging therapies.

Mini Review Open Access

Obesity and Beyond: The Novel Technical Standard to Study the Small Bowel Microbiome

Daniel Brimberry, Gabriela Leite, Mark Pimentel, Gillian M Barlow, Ruchi Mathur

The small intestinal microbiome (SIM) is colonized by a variety of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukarya which contribute to the overall health of the human host. Commensal bacteria of the small intestine are crucial suppliers of essential nutrients, aid in the metabolism of indigestible carbohydrates, provide defenses against pathogenic bacteria, and are critical components of the mucosal architecture.

Research Article Open Access

Enhancing Maternal Health: Cost-effective Alternatives in High Pressure Processing of Fruit Products

Anita Scales-Akwu, Abimbola Allison, Jayashan Adhikari, Monica Henry, Wendelyn Inman

The search for efficacious Alternatives to the Current Standard Procedure in the Food Manufacturing Industry is a public health imperative. Recent advances and rapid adoption of high-pressure processing units in food manufacturing is gaining momentum across various industry sectors. The momentum of industrial importance across various sectors of food manufacturing, has led to requiring extensive microbiological hurdle validation studies for efficacious and feasible utilization of the technology.

Perspective Open Access

Enhancing Staff Safety in Swallowing Assessment: Insights Post COVID Pandemic

Jennifer Coutinho, Heather Warner, Nwanmegha Young

The COVID-19 pandemic was a time of significant challenge in the healthcare industry. In particular, hospitals worked diligently to develop protocols and guidelines to reduce viral transmission to both patients and staff. Service delivery concerning the instrumental assessment of swallowing evaluation was particularly challenging during the pandemic given the high risk of viral transmission to clinical staff. Clinical algorithms were developed with the goal of implementing a measured return to service delivery while preserving the clinical workforce.

Clinical Image Open Access

A Case of Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma

Brij Sharma, Vishal Bodh, Rajesh Sharma, Anshul Bhateja

A 50 year old female presented to our institute with complaints of foreign body sensation in oral cavity, the patient was evaluated by ENT department and there was a mass in oropharynx and right tonsillar region, the growth was biopsied and reported as carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. The patient was offered surgical treatment but refused and started on paclitaxel based chemotherapy but the mass continued to grow and it lead to such a point that it was causing occlusion in the nasal cavity as well as oral cavity leading to feeding and breathing difficulty as seen in Figure 1A. 

Clinical Image Open Access

Colonic Granular Cell Tumor

Yong-Xin Yang, Wei Liu

A 42-year-old asymptomatic woman presented for routine health checkup. Abdominal examination was unremarkable. The laboratory tests were normal. The chest radiograph, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and abdominal computed tomography showed no abnormal findings. A colonoscopy was performed. A hepatic flexure polypoid mass (8 × 8 mm in diameter), covered with normal-appearing mucosa, was identified (Figure 1A). 

Review Article Open Access

Optical Insights into Fibrotic Livers: Applications of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Machine Learning

Tamer A. Addissouky, Ibrahim El Tantawy El Sayed, Majeed M. A. Ali, Mahmood Hasen Shuhata Alubiady

Liver fibrosis staging is critical for patient selection and management prior to transplantation, but biopsy is invasive and serum biomarkers lack accuracy. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an emerging non-invasive technology that can detect liver fibrosis via changes in tissue composition. Machine learning (ML) enables analysis of NIRS data for diagnostic modeling.

Commentary Open Access

Pediatric Functional Constipation in Clinical Practice: The Continuous Search for the Light at the End of the Tunnel

Nilton Carlos Machado, Juliana Tedesco Dias, Gabriela Nascimento Hercos, Thabata Koester Weber, Mary de Assis Carvalho

Functional constipation (FC) has a pooled world prevalence of 9.5%, a clear definition by Rome IV Criteria, and the NAPGHAN/ESPGHAN guidelines recommendation for management. With well-defined parameters, this commentary discusses the paths followed by the literature to implement different therapeutic modalities over time. The text will prioritize information based on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, or reviews.

Opinion Article Open Access

Blastocystosis and Urticaria: An Overview from a Syndemic Perspective

Luis Fonte Galindo, Yamilé Aleaga Santiesteban, María Ginori Gilke, Yosiel Molina, Yisel Hernández Barrios

Numerous studies have found an association between infection by some species of intestinal parasites and the development of urticarial lesions. In this document we have commented on the published findings that show the association between infection by Blastocystis spp. and urticaria, and on the theorizations in relation to the mechanisms that would explain it.

Review Article Open Access

Advancements in Drug Delivery Systems for Natural Compounds Targeting Metabolic Disorders Associated with Inflammation

Roberto Sam, Sel Neal

The global incidence of metabolic disorders is on the rise, posing a significant challenge to public health. With remarkable advancements in diagnostic tools and clinical procedures, our understanding of the etiology and underlying pathophysiology of these disorders has expanded considerably. Furthermore, the utilization of in vitro and in vivo experimental models, preceding clinical investigations, has catalyzed numerous breakthroughs in biomedicine, particularly in the identification and development of potential drug candidates for the management of metabolic disorders.

Review Article Open Access

Preclinical Promise and Clinical Challenges for Innovative Therapies Targeting Liver Fibrogenesis

Tamer A. Addissouky, Majeed M. A. Ali, Ibrahim El Tantawy El Sayed, Yuliang Wang, Ayman El Baz, Naglaa Elarabany, Ahmed A. Khalil

Liver fibrosis resulting from chronic liver injury can progress to cirrhosis and liver failure. Current treatments are limited, creating an urgent need for novel antifibrotic therapies. Multiple emerging approaches have shown preclinical promise in inhibiting liver fibrogenesis or stimulating regeneration, including artificial liver support, stem cell therapy, cell/gene therapy, nanomedicines, immunotherapy, and herbal medicines.

Clinical Image Open Access

A Rare Endoscopic Finding: Gastric Diverticulum

Yi-Xue Zhou, Qiao-Yun Tong, Wei Liu

A 40-year-old man received upper gastrointestinal endoscopic scan during a health check-up. There was no history suggestive of Helicobacter pylori eradication, reflux esophagitis, peptic ulcer disease and upper abdominal surgery. Endoscopy revealed a wide-mouthed diverticulum of the size of 1.5 × 2 cm between the fundus and greater curvature of the stomach (Figure 1).

Review Article Open Access

Exploring the Use of Point of Care Ultrasound in Screening for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis

Oscar L. Hernandez, Zoilo Karim Suarez Yeb, Talwinder Nagi, Muhammad Adnan Haider, Charles Vallejo, Fatima Ahson

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of cirrhosis and liver failure globally. Despite its broad impact, screening recommendations for NAFLD remain varied based between gastrointestinal societies. Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) has emerged as a new form of screening and diagnosing intrabdominal pathologies including NAFLD. We aimed to estimate the effectiveness of POCUS in screening for NAFLD

Case Report Open Access

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Crohn’s Disease Association: Case Report

Aamir AlShahrabally, D Coghlan, S Quinn

We described a 15-year-old- a boy who presented with neurofibromatosis type 1 and Crohn’s disease. Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is the most common form of NF, affecting 1 in 3000 individuals. Crohn’s disease is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases. Its incidence is significantly rising in Ireland. Concomitant association of NF1 and Crohn’s disease is a rare finding. This is the first case reported in the paediatric population.

Short Communication Open Access

Intraductal Tubular Adenoma: A Case Report and Diagnostic Algorithm for Intraductal Pancreatic Lesions

Shivali Desai, Christine MG Schammel, David Durantel, A Michael Devane, Steven D Trocha

Intraductal lesions of the pancreas are an increasingly recognized, radiologically detectable group of entities that require a systematic diagnostic approach to best define management given their variable prognoses. A case of isolated intraductal tubular adenoma (ITA) is reported with a comprehensive literature review; comparison of ITAs with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and intraductal tubular carcinomas (ITCs) is made with assessment of their distinctive imaging and histological findings and discussion of the evolution of these lesions’ classifications with regards to the established literature. 

Short Communication Open Access

Elucidating the Role of Chemokines in Infectious Diseases and Gastric Cancer

Vishnu P. Tripathi, Haamza Ahmed, Naidia Renulos, M K Aneebuddin

Although the prevalence of gastric cancer is decreasing in many developed nations, it is the fourth most prevalent cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Around 8 percent of recently diagnosed malignant tumors are stomach cancer, more than 7,00,000 individuals die from gastric cancer yearly. Despite extensive research into new diagnostic and therapeutic methods, the prognosis for individuals with advanced stomach cancer remains dismal, and survival rates have hardly improved. In recent years, many latest innovations have improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and modifications that contribute to gastric cancer’s beginning and progression, including several genetic and molecular modifications and mutations.

Short Communication Open Access

New Trends in Interrelation of Infectious Colorectal Cancer with Intestinal Microbiota

Vishnu P. Tripathi, Daniel Goo, Bokyo N Maidya, M K Aneebuddin

The intestinal microbiota creates a bodily barrier for invading pathogen by using aggressive exclusion. Pathogens and immune cells can interact directly and dynamically with symbiotic bacteria, determining the pathophysiology and outcome of an infection. They can defend the host through a variety of processes, including attachment site occupancy, nutrition intake, metabolite competition, and the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds including bacteriocins that influence pathogen survival (a process referred to as colonization resistance).

Case Report Open Access

Gastric GIST with 13 kg in Asymptomatic Patient: A Rare Case of Giant GIST and Literature Review

Flávio Silano, Ricardo Bandeira de Melo Amaral, Vanessa Costa Neves, Rodolfo Carvalho Santana, Paulo Cezar Galvão do Amaral

Although gastrointestinal stromal tumors, GISTs, are the most common neoplasms arising from the gastrointestinal mesenchyme, they represent less than 1% of all digestive tumors. Its incidence has increased in recent years, probably due to improved diagnostic methods. It is currently known that GIST is the most common sarcoma. It originates from interstitial cells of Cajal and depends on the transcription factor ETV-1. These are neoplasms associated with molecular alterations and some mutations.

Commentary Open Access

Oral Lactulose – A Safe and Effective Strategy for the Management of Constipation in Individuals with Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Diabetes

Valentin Faerber, Katharina Stefanie Kuhn, Eva Svehlikova, Angelika Kuchinka-Koch, Thomas R Pieber

Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are common, also in persons with diabetes mellitus (DM), and can substantially impact their quality of life. In a representative sample of adults living in the United States, 25.8% of individuals with DM also reported disordered bowel habits and 14.6% experienced chronic constipation [3]. Others have reported an even higher prevalence of constipation of around 30% among patients with DM. While, in some patients, symptoms can be relieved with lifestyle and dietary modifications, many individuals with DM rely on the regular use of laxatives for the management

Commentary Open Access

Extragastric Manifestations of Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Commentary

Camilo Santana Silva, Ronaldo Teixeira da Silva Junior, Luana Kauany de Sá Santos, Jonathan Santos Apolonio, Bruna Teixeira da Costa, Beatriz Rocha Cuzzuol, Marcel Silva Luz, Fabrício Freire de Melo

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is characterized as a gram-negative bacterium with microaerophilic metabolism, flagellated and helix-shaped that affects approximately 50% of the world population and, in some regions, this rate can exceed 80%. Hp infection is well known to infect the epithelial tissue of the stomach, being involved with development of many stomach diseases, including gastric carcinoma.

Research Article Open Access

The Inappropriate Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors: An Internal Medicine Residency Clinics Effort to Deprescribe

Polina Gaisinskaya, Zed Seedat, Sanja Patino, Navneet Kaur, Oscar L. Hernandez, Eric Abkian, Jamie Fabricant, Mishah Azhar, Michael A. DeDonno, Nabil Benhayoun

Since 1989, PPIs have become among the top-selling drug classes in the country. It is estimated that in the United States alone, about a quarter of the country suffers from acid related conditions. Their versatility and popularity have prompted the World Health Organization to add PPIs to their list of essential medications. The low cost of PPIs and over the counter (OTC) availability of these medications have made their use ubiquitous in outpatient care.

Short Communication Open Access

Survival Disparity Between Antiviral-Treated and Antiviral-Naïve Patients Who Develop Their First HBV-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Daniel Garrido, Peter Block, Selena Lin, Dina Halegoua-DeMarzio, Hie-Won Hann

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a public health problem, accounting for more than 257 million cases of chronic infection and a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. With the vaccination and the advent of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) as antiviral therapy, chronic HBV infection currently accounts for approximately 50% of HCC cases worldwide, a significant decrease from >80% in the 1980’s. The reduced incidence of HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC) with NAs with lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is well documented.

Research Article Open Access

Creation of an Ex-vivo Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) Training Model Using a Perfused Non-cirrhotic Porcine Liver

Jorge E Lopera, Ryan Bitar, John Walker, James Elliott, Katie Strychalski, Harrison Pollard, Annie Dang, Luis Garza, Carlos Ortiz, Matthew Parker, Matthew Z Taon, Partha Mandal, Barrett O’Donnell, Rajeev Suri, Ho-Young Song

Liver cirrhosis is growing problem worldwide with serious adverse clinical manifestations secondary to portal hypertension, including ascites, hydrothorax, bleeding from gastric and esophageal varices among others. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation has demonstrated to be a very effective minimally invasive technique to treat portal hypertension largely supplanting surgical shunts. TIPS, however, is a highly technically demanding procedure with a steep learning curve.

Editorial Open Access

Treatment and Drug Resistance to Helicobacter Pylori: A Brief Review

Vinícius Lima de Souza Gonçalves, Jonathan Santos Apolonio, Ronaldo Teixeira da Silva Junior, Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos, Beatriz Rocha Cuzzuol, Marcel Silva Luz, Fabian Fellipe Bueno Lemos, Hanna Santos Marques, Camilo Santana Silva, Mariana Miranda Sampaio, Bruna Teixeira da Costa, Fabrício Freire de Melo

Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that inhabits the gastric environment of 60.3% of the global population. Though most individuals infected with the bacterium remain asymptomatic, it is known that this infection plays a pivotal role in the development of diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and gastric MALT lymphoma. Hence, eradication of H. pylori is associated with the potential prevention of many gastric and extra gastric diseases, such as gastric cancer.

Editorial Open Access

Archives of Gastroenterology Research: A Message from Prof. Dr. Rolf Teschke (Editor-in-Chief)

Rolf Teschke

As the new editor-in-chief of Archives of Gastroenterology Research (AGR) I cordially welcome all current readers of AGR and future contributors to AGR. Together with my editorial team of AGR we encourage scientists and clinicians involved in the care of patients with gastrointestinal diseases to submit their interesting reports to AGR with the aim to be published following fair evaluation by external peer reviewers

Commentary Open Access

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: An Update on Management Strategies and Outcomes

Ourania Kaltsogianni, Theodore Dassios, Anne Greenough

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe developmental anomaly with an estimated global prevalence at birth of about 2.3 in 10,000 live births. Despite recent advances in antenatal diagnosis, fetal interventions and postnatal management, the condition continues to have a high mortality due to pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension and affected infants can suffer long-term morbidity. In a prospective national population cohort study from the United Kingdom and Ireland,

Commentary Open Access

Obeticholic Acid, FXR Agonists, Liver Disease and Plasma Biomarkers

Norman B. Javitt

How medications whose major biologic effect is to reduce bile acid synthesis favorably affect the course of a variety of cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases is not immediately apparent. Also, the most frequently used plasma biomarkers for evaluating benefit, alkaline phosphatase and conjugated bilirubin [1], provide different information. The former may be misleading with respect to the course of the disease and therefore it is important to focus on the pathophysiologic basis for its use.

Commentary Open Access

Viable but Nonculturable Gastrointestinal Bacteria and Their Resuscitation

Stephanie Göing, Kirsten Jung

Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria are deeply dormant phenotypic variants that are characterized by a loss of culturability in conventional culture media, yet retain some viability markers. Thus, low metabolic activity, nutrient uptake, membrane integrity, and respiration are all detectable in these dormant cells. In 1982, the VBNC state was first described for Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. Shortly afterwards, VBNC Salmonella enteriditis were found to regain culturability

Short Communication Open Access

Pregnancy and Hepatitis B Immunization: A Commentary on Maternal Knowledge and Vertical Transmission Risks

Lolwa Al-Obaid, Rebecca Roediger, Mauricio Lisker-Melman

The paper Maternal knowledge of the risk of vertical transmission and offspring acquisition of hepatitis B, recently published in Annals of Hepatology, provides unique insight on a topic not previously studied in the USA. The research paper discusses important topics on maternal hepatitis B infections.

Review Article Open Access

Advances in Functionalized Hybrid Biopolymer Augmented Lipid-based Systems: A Spotlight on Their Role in Design of Gastro Retentive Delivery Systems

Pratap Basim, Shashank Gorityala, Mallesh Kurakula

Biopolymers have earmarked their importance in the biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Researchers are still working for the facilitation of better therapeutic effects and medical benefits. In this context, several strategies are on a play like functionalization of biopolymers with physicochemical modification, functionalization of lipids with biopolymers, development of composites or hybrid systems for bringing together the benefits of individual moieties/systems

Mini Review Open Access

Importance of Autopsy from a Gastrointestinal Pathology Perspective: A Ten-year Review of 891 Autopsies

Ayesha S Siddique

There has been a decline in autopsy rates by 58% from 1972-2007. The major reason for this decline is the ability to diagnose diseases and disorders that result in mortality with greater accuracy. Additionally, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations dropped the standard practice of requiring a 20-25% autopsy rate for in-hospital deaths. The perception or attitude towards autopsies from both family members and clinicians is changing leading to a further decrease in the autopsy numbers.

Mini Review Open Access

Updates in the Treatment of Superficial Gastric Neoplasms by Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection

Josue Aliaga Ramos, Vitor N. Arantes

Gastric cancer is one of the neoplasms with the highest degree of mortality worldwide, responsible for more than 780,000 deaths in 2018 and whose incidence has been increasing over the last few years, mainly in Asian and Latin American countries. The technological imaging advances in digestive endoscopy such as virtual chromoendoscopy and magnification associated with a systematic and comprehensive endoscopic examination of the entire gastric mucosa by a trained operator have optimized the early detection of pre-malignant and malignant lesions, which have favoured the high rate of curability through the use of endoscopic resection techniques such as endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD).

Review Article Open Access

Alcoholic Liver Disease and the co-triggering Role of MEOS with Its CYP ₂E₁ Catalytic Cycle and ROS

Rolf Teschke, Manuela G. Neuman, Suthat Liangpunsakul, Helmut-Karl Seitz

Until the early sixties, the concept prevailed that alcoholic liver disease (ALD), also termed alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD), results from malnutrition commonly observed among individuals consuming chronically high amounts of alcohol rather than being causally related to the use of alcoholic beverages. However, the malnutrition concept became a matter of debate because of the clinical observation that humans, even on a normal diet and without signs of underweight or malnutrition

Review Article Open Access

Gastrointestinal Manifestations of COVID-19: An Overview

Ronaldo Teixeira da Silva Jr, Glauber Rocha Lima Araújo, Hanna Santos Marques, Jéssica Oliveira de Souza Nascimento, Fernanda de Santana Rabelo, Ângela Reis Teixeira, Thanilly Silveira Macedo, Daniel Bastos Alves Lima, Fernanda Santos Mota, Raíssa Frazão Campos, Isabella Oliveira Bezerra, Railan Pessoa Silva, Larissa Alves Fernandes, Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos, Fabrício Freire de Melo

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the new coronavirus of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), single-stranded, positive sense, spherical RNA virus with spikes protein that protrude on its surface giving the appearance of a crown, from the Latin corona. It belongs to the large family of coronaviruses (CoVs) and the genus β-coronavirus. COVID-19 can involve manifestations in the respiratory system, as well as other biological systems, as a intestinal.

Commentary Open Access

Conversion Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Lenvatinb

Nobutaka Sato, Toru Beppu, Eri Oda, Kensuke Yamamura, Shinichi Akahoshi

Multidisciplinary treatment is widely applied for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using liver resection/ transplantation, local ablation therapy, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and systemic therapy. Systemic therapy is recommended and can provide a modest prognosis for HCC in Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging C.

Mini Review Open Access

Fatty Liver and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Francesco Giuseppe Foschi, Lucia Napoli, Giorgio Bedogni

Fatty liver (FL) is the most common wide-world liver disease that is nowadays demonstrating an increasing prevalence trend. In sharp contrast, the most common causes of liver diseases, such as viral causes, are decreasing thanks to advances in antiviral therapies. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic fat accumulation, often associated with insulin resistance (IR), and defined by the presence of steatosis in at least 5% of hepatocytes in absence of relevant alcohol intake.

Short Communication Open Access

Are We Close to Achieving a HBV Cure? Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Persists Despite Long-term HBV Suppression: An Update on Our Experience

Tina Boortalary, Brianna J Shinn, Robert M Coben, Mitchell I Conn, Jorge Prieto, Howard Kroop, Anthony J DiMarino, Hie-Won Hann

Since the discovery of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) by Blumberg et al., great progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of the virus and its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is estimated that hepatitis B is responsible for about 50% of the HCC cases worldwide. Because of geographic variations in HBV incidence, the burden of HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC) is highest in endemic areas such as Asian-Pacific and sub- Saharan Africa and lowest in the United States and the West. The hepatitis B vaccines, developed in the 1980s, transformed the evolution of hepatitis B in the modern era. This was followed by high effective anti-viral that reduced HBV infections and HBV-HCC.

Review Article Open Access

Refractory Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux - Use the Bottom up Approach

Scott B. Simpson

The pathophysiology of typical gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) symptoms and reflux oesophagitis is associated with excess acid reflux, but both refractory GORD and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) have strong links with functional gut disorders. Oesophageal pH impedance monitoring, our accepted gold standard for diagnosing GORD, has significant shortcomings when assessing proximal oesophageal and in particular pharyngeal reflux. In addition, identifying potential contamination of other parts of the respiratory tract such as lungs or sinuses is not possible. The association between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and both refractory GORD and LPR suggests a common pathogenesis.

Commentary Open Access

The Dual Role of Macrophages during Hepatitis B Infection

Suzanne Faure-Dupuy, Julie Lucifora, David Durantel

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects more than 250 million individuals worldwide and is responsible for more than 800,000 deaths per year by promoting end-stage liver diseases, among which decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (WHO, July 2020) are prominent. Studies performed in chimpanzees or in animalversion of HBV (woodchuck HBV: WHBV) highlighted the lack of immune responses against the virus upon primary infection. Thus, HBV has been described as a “stealth” virus (i.e. a virus that does not modify/induce immune response in the cell). However, a growing number of studies describe that HBV is able to rapidly and efficiently counteract the innate immune response in a large variety of cells (hepatocytes, macrophages, Natural Killer cell…). Hereby, we focus on the role of macrophages (Mφ) during HBV infection.

Short Communication Open Access

Pharmacologic Therapy with Niacin for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Emerging Evidence

Moti L. Kashyap, Shobha Ganji, Vaijinath S. Kamanna

In pharmacologic doses niacin (nicotinic acid) has been used clinically for over six decades for atherogenic dyslipidemia and reduction of cardiovascular event risk. In combination with statin therapy, it effects regression of coronary atherosclerosis. Emerging evidence indicates a new potential use for niacin for the treatment of NAFLD and its complications. Despite this enormous amount of data on niacin, there is confusion and misconceptions about its use of a drug rather than as a vitamin, its formulations, and how it can be used in clinical practice. The purpose of this invited brief communication is to update and summarize this emerging evidence. We comment on how it may be valuable in the context of other drugs-in-development for NAFLD, especially for combination therapy for synergistic efficacy.

Case Report Open Access

Paraduodenal Pancreatitis: Many faces of the Same Diagnostic Challenge

Giovanni Valentini, Monica Surace, Silvia Grosso, Annalisa Vernetto, Anna Maria Serra, Immacolata Andria, Dario Mazzucco

The term paraduodenal pancreatitis and groove pancreatitis are today used interchangeably, with all conditions having similar manifestations; they refer to an uncommon and still under-recognized form of recurrent or chronic pancreatitis that affects the so-called groove. The groove represents the potential space between the head of the pancreas, medially and the second part of the duodenum, laterally. It is bordered by the duodenal bulb and the third part of the duodenum in the superior and posteroinferior aspects, respectively. The inferior vena cava also forms the posterior aspect. Distal common bile duct (CBD), ampulla, major and minor papilla, superior pancreaticoduodenal vessels and lymphatics, as well as some lymph nodes, are anatomically present in the groove.

Commentary Open Access

The Consideration of Endometriosis in Women with Persistent Gastrointestinal Symptoms and a Novel Neuromusculoskeletal Treatment Approach

Allyson Augusta Shrikhande

Endometriosis is a chronic, hormone-dependent, inflammatory disease, characterized by the presence and growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity and it is associated with chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Worldwide, approximately 176 million women between the ages of 15 and 49 are affected by endometriosis. Endometriosis is a complex disease that induces a chronic inflammatory process and can be challenging to treat. Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is defined as pelvic pain lasting greater than three to six months that is not solely related to menstruation, sexual activity or bowel movements.

Commentary Open Access

Intestinal Barrier Function – a Novel Target to modulate Diet-induced Metabolic Diseases

Siddhartha S Ghosh, Shobha Ghosh

High fat high cholesterol containing Western-type diet (WD)-induced obesity remains one of the major causes for the development of metabolic syndrome and associated metabolic diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and atherosclerosis (that leads to cardiovascular diseases including heart disease and stroke). In addition to changes in lipid metabolism and excessive lipid accumulation, recent studies have also described direct effects of WD on gut microbiome and attributed dysbiosis of gut flora to the observed metabolic effects.

Commentary Open Access

The Link of Nutrient Fluxes to Hepatic Insulin Resistance at Gene Expression

Yan Zhang, Guoxun Chen

Insulin resistance has been studied extensively at systemic, organ, tissue and cellular and molecular levels. Overnutrition plays an essential role in the development of chronic metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. For subjects without genetic defects, the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes is a graduate process. How the transition from an insulinsensitive state to an insulin-resistant state occurs, and what the roles of nutrients are in the process have not been fully understood. Here, we try to summarize the current understanding of insulin-regulate gene expression in the liver, and describe a phenomenon of hepatic insulin resistance at gene expression (HIRAGE), which may be linked to overnutrition.

Commentary Open Access

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Liver Biopsy, Is It Ready for Prime Time?

Neal Sharma, Ahmad H. Ali, Ghassan M. Hammoud

Liver biopsy continues to be the gold-standard with regards to diagnosis and staging of the majority of liver diseases. Serologic markers certainly have helped in diagnosing various autoimmune and viral-related liver diseases. Furthermore, laboratory testing and imaging studies such as liver elastography have allowed us to non-invasively assess fibrosis. Unfortunately, there are shortcomings with these forms of testing. False positives or laboratory errors will lead to misleading diagnoses. Situations can also arise during which there are diagnostic dilemmas, such as an obese patient with positive autoimmune serology and elevated liver chemistries.

Review Article Open Access

Bouveret’s Syndrome: An Extensive Summary of the Literature

Karim T. Osman, Amr Wahba, Adel Farhoud, Ahmed Maher Abdelfattah, Daniel B.Maselli

Cholelithiasis is a prevalent disease, affecting 7.1% of the United States population; however, the vast majority of cases are asymptomatic and without consequence. It is estimated that less than one percent of patients develop complications, the most common of which include acute/ chronic cholecystitis, cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, and pancreatitis. An exceptionally rare complication is gallstone-related luminal gastrointestinal (GI) tract obstruction, reported to occur at rates of 0.3-0.5%, and comprising no more than five percent of small bowel obstructions.

Mini Review Open Access

Gastric Cancer: A Brief Review, from Risk Factors to Treatment

Beatriz Rocha Cuzzuol, Elise Santos Vieira, Glauber Rocha Lima Araújo, Jonathan Santos Apolonio, Lorena Sousa de Carvalho, Ronaldo Teixeira da Silva Junior, Breno Bittencourt de Brito, Fabrício Freire de Melo

Gastric cancer (GC), also known as stomach cancer, is a worldwide health problem. Anatomically, it can occur from the gastroesophageal junction to distal portions of the stomach. Considering both sexes, worldwide, it is the 5th most common neoplasm (5.7%) and the 3rd cause of mortality among malignancies, leading to approximately 782,000 deaths in 2018. The incidence varies geographically but 50% of new cases are diagnosed in developed countries. High incidence is observed in Asia, Latin America, and in the central and eastern parts of Europe. There are several ways to classify GC, but the most used is Lauren’s Classification, which proposes two main histological groups: intestinal and diffuse. This classification is important because there are marked etiological, pathological, and epidemiological differences between the subgroups, guiding the clinical approach for each patient.

Short Communication Open Access

Evolution of Endoscopic Ampullectomy and Considerations for a Contemporary Approach

Luke Hourigan

Endoscopic ampullectomy (or endoscopic resection of lesions associated with the ampulla of Vater) has now been performed for more than 25 years and has been supported by the literature, however, since its inception, the efficacy of this approach is still somewhat underappreciated. In our recent publication, despite its high success rate for clearance of ampullary adenomas, even with quite an extensive lateral spreading tumour component (LST-P), we wished to re-iterate and even celebrate the value of endoscopic ampullectomy, discuss our technique, highlight the risk of post procedural haemorrhage, discuss the adenoma recurrence rate and the need for a commitment to surveillance.

Commentary Open Access

Prognostic Utility of Ferritin Transferrin Ratio in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Ishaan Vohra, Pudasaini Garima, Bashar Attar, Prasanth Lingamaneni, Vatsala Katiyar, Hemant Mutneja, Krishna Rekha Moturi, Kapil Thapa Chhetri, Hassam Shah

There is growing body of literature to identify novel prognostic markers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including serum ferritin (SF), transferrin levels, alfa fetoprotein (AFP), and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Chronic inflammation and fibrogenesis are considered quite essential in the oncogenesis of HCC. The trigger for this inflammation could range from viral hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Also, iron overload as in hereditary hemochromatosis is linked to one of the factors for HCC oncogenesis.

Commentary Open Access

The Potential Role of SEPT6 in Liver Fibrosis and Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Yuhui Fan, Mei Liu

Liver fibrosis is a reversible wound-healing response in which a variety of cells and factors are involved in and results in excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Cirrhosis is one of the significant causes of portal hypertension and end-stage liver disease, and it is the 14th most common cause of death around the world. Approximately 1.03 million people worldwide die from liver cirrhosis every year.

Short Communication Open Access

Ultrasounds Importance in the Clinic and Medical Diagnostics

Lydia Ferrara

Ultrasounds are acoustic vibrations that are not perceived by the human ear as their frequency is greater than 20,000 Hz. They are artificially generated by the action of the electric current, whose polarity is periodically reversed, on a quartz crystal, subjecting it, by the action of the electromagnetic field created, to successive contractions and expansions. This alternation of movements generates vibrations, which, transmitted to cellular and intercellular structures, cause collisions and generate heat.

Letter to the Editor Open Access

Spontaneous Resolution of Infected Pancreatic Necrosis after Fistulization into Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

Giovanni Valentini, Monica Surace, Silvia Grosso, Anna Maria Serra, Annalisa Vernetto, Laura Sidoli, Dario Mazzucco

A 67-year-old female with a history of arterial hypertension and previous hysterectomy, was recovered, in July 2019, for moderately-severe acute biliary pancreatitis with evidence of stones in gallbladder and bile duct and pancreatic necrosis on imaging (Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography. A contrast enhanced CT, a week after the admission, showed necrotic areas in the pancreas and a large peripancreatic fluid collection (60 mm long) with air pockets within (acute necrotic collection, with signs of infection. Since she was haemodynamically stable and there was no evidence of organ failure, according to “step-up approach”, she was managed medically with antibiotics (piperacillin-tazobactam + metronidazole) and fluids.

Editorial Open Access

DILI, HILI, RUCAM Algorithm, and AI, the Artificial Intelligence: Provocative issues, Progress, and Proposals

Rolf Teschke

Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques represent a fascinating, provocative, and challenging discipline, are pervasive and of global importance. The European Commission summarized the current state in a White Paper on AI issues released on 19 February 2020, discussing various AI concepts that revolutionized many complex processes

Mini Review Open Access

Hepatitis Treatment in the Last 20 Years: A Short Review

Abdurrahman Sagir

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome was isolated during the late 1980s using molecular cloning techniques. It is recognized as the cause of most cases of percutaneously transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. It is estimated, that up to 200 million people worldwide are infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), more than 3% of the world population.