Articles

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders, characterized by impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. The prevalence of diabetes worldwide has grown from about 108 million adults (4.7% of population) in 1980 to 463 million (9.3%) in 2019 and it is estimated that it will rise to 700 million by 2045

While rare, retinoblastoma is the most common (1:16000 – 18000 live births) intraocular and life threatening tumor of childhood [1,2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 66% of children present with symptoms before 2 years of age and 95% before 5 years of age. About 8000 new cases are detected annually with the highest incidence in Africa and India. In fact, more than 1400 cases each year are from India [3].

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence has increased year on year for the past two decades and currently affects 1 in 44 individuals in the US. An increasing number of studies have pointed to increased immune activation as both an etiological agent and also involved in the ongoing pathological process of ASD. Both adaptive and innate immune responses have been implicated. Evidence of innate dysregulation has so far included increased production of innate inflammatory cytokines, increased cell numbers, and altered activation in monocytes in the blood and microglia in the brain.

In their recent article, “Jail-Based Competency Treatment Comes of Age,” Jennings et al. [1] reviewed the historical development of the model and presented the first large-scale empirical support for its effectiveness, which covered eight years of outcomes across four different program sites for nearly 2,000 Incompetent to Stand Trial (IST) defendants.

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) was established to detect the serological prevalence of bluetongue virus (BTV) infection in ruminant populations. A recombinant NS4 (rNS4) protein was used as the encapsulated antigen. Optimization of the iELISA included the encapsulated antigen, serum dilution, blocking solution, and working concentration of a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled secondary antibody (Ab) by the square-matrix titration test.

At initial (basic) training recruits from all services and most nations are subject to an intense environment where they are physically and mentally challenged throughout their waking day. Their civilian experiences and identity are systematically remodeled to fit the requirements of the nation’s services. Most recruits are able to cope with this extreme environment, albeit with some impact on their mental wellbeing, whereas those unable to cope either physically or emotionally are discharged from the Military through medical or administrative procedures.

The proteasome system in the cell degrades the majority of intracellular proteins. The broad nature of its substrates makes proteasome activity crucial for many cellular functions, such as protein quality control, transcription, apoptosis, immune responses, cell signaling and differentiation. The proteasome system is thus an effective therapeutic target for malignant and non-malignant diseases. In this mini-review, we would like to highlight that proteasome function has also the potential to serve as a biomarker for disease severity and response to treatment. This notion is based on the observation that the six catalytic sites of the proteasome are distinctly altered in peripheral immune cells of patients with chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases

Patient satisfaction and perception of the healthcare services received contribute to compliance with treatment guidelines, retention in care, and adherence to recommendations. This is especially so in the treatment of chronic medical conditions such as HIV/AIDS. The success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) plays a fundamental role in determining the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs).

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic relapsing and remitting inflammation of the bowel. Tumour necrosis factor α - antagonists are safe and effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Indications and outcomes with consecutive anti-tumour necrosis factor agents, although often used, are not clear. Since data for this treatment choice is scarce, we set out to evaluate the use of consecutive anti-tumour necrosis factor agents in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Junctophilin-2 (JP2) is a key structural protein of junctional membrane complexes (JMCs) that stabilize contacts between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules required for excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in cardiomyocytes. Under pathophysiological conditions, the intracellular cysteine protease Calpain activated by disturbed intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis cleaves JP2 and, hence, disturbs EC coupling.

Developmental dislocation of the patella (DDP) is rare in humans but common in dogs. The canine syndrome, termed patellar luxation (PL), is an inherited condition related to genetic selection of dogs with conformational defects. Breeds with short, bowed legs, including chihuahuas, toy poodles, and bull terriers are predisposed to medial patellar luxation (MPL).

Intraductal lesions of the pancreas are an increasingly recognized, radiologically detectable group of entities that require a systematic diagnostic approach to best define management given their variable prognoses. A case of isolated intraductal tubular adenoma (ITA) is reported with a comprehensive literature review; comparison of ITAs with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and intraductal tubular carcinomas (ITCs) is made with assessment of their distinctive imaging and histological findings and discussion of the evolution of these lesions’ classifications with regards to the established literature. 

Since the medical management of ectopic pregnancy (EP) was introduced by Dr. Steven Ory, and published in 1986 in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, diagnostic criteria have been established to predict its successful medical treatment with methotrexate (MTX), including its maximum diameter (MaxDia), its associated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level, and whether there was identified cardiac motion (CM).

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare, clonal, haematological disease of myeloid origin involving infiltration of neoplastic cells resembling Langerhans cells in various tissues. LCH cells express normal Langerhans cell markers such as CD1a, Langerin (CD207), and S100.

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a progressive disease affecting the normal cardiac structure and function. CA could be isolated or associated with a spectrum of organ involvement, including the kidneys, lungs, nervous systems, bones, and others.

Teeth together with supporting periodontium are continuously under physical stimulation in daily life and clinical dental situations. Physical stimulation plays an important role in oral health. However, the underlying molecular pathways by which physical stimulation preserves oral health remain unknown.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak occurred in China and spread to the whole world in a short period of time. The WHO (World Health Organization) named the viral disease as COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2) on February 11, 2020.

Diabetes is a chronic disorder that affects more than 500 million individuals worldwide. It is a life-long disease with complications that attack nearly all other systems within the body. Although there is a slight increase in the prevalence of diabetes in males, ocular surface complications are equally present in males and females.

Electrochemical properties of ruthenium oxide (RuO₂)/oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) (RuO₂/MWCNT) composite electrodes in supercapacitors were investigated. The electrodes were prepared by impregnating MWCNTs with different concentrations of RuCl_3•xH₂O solution, followed by chemical reduction and annealing at 150°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. 

Imatinib is a selective inhibitor of the bcr-abl tyrosine kinase making it a potential treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), as well as a selective inhibitor of KIT protein tyrosine kinase, and PDGF receptor, and is the treatment of choice in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs)