Articles

Chemosensory systems exhibit substantial plasticity that supports adaptive perception, sensory learning, and behavioral responses to changing environmental and physiological conditions. Although synaptic mechanisms have traditionally been viewed as the principal basis of chemosensory plasticity, accumulating evidence indicates that adaptive sensory function depends on coordinated interactions among circuit modulation, glial regulation, metabolic and inflammatory state, and structural remodeling.

The presence of lymphatic vessels in the human endometrium is sketchy and is unsettled. Using D2-40 as a marker of lymphatic vessels in the formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human endometrium, a reduced density of lymphatic vessels was reported in human functionalis. Normally cycling human endometrium is relatively difficult to study for ethical reasons.

Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the established medical treatment for individuals diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Studies indicate a notable occurrence of dyslipidemia and anemia in populations affected by HIV, where disease progression and immunosuppression contribute to hematological deficiencies.

Background and aim: Crohn’s Disease (CD) is associated epidemiologically with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD), but the molecular overlap remains incompletely defined. We asked whether adult CD intestinal biopsy transcriptomes are enriched for genes assigned to the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) atherosclerosis signaling pathway. This analysis was designed to evaluate transcriptional overlap, not clinical ASCVD or vascular disease.

A growing mismatch has emerged between the promises of precision medicine in oncology, and the real-world outcomes observed across Cancer, associated cardiovascular diseases, and complex (CO-)morbidities in the POSTCOVID-19 era. Recent global datasets reveal persistent, accelerated, and excessive mortality since 2020, with monthly death rates exceeding pre-pandemic baselines by 20–40% in several regions.

Nature recently listed 20 major T cell milestones since the early breakthroughs of Drs. Jacques Miller and Max Cooper. However, to make the story more complete, several key discoveries may need to be mentioned. One of the major missing episodes is the discovery of the bone marrow in mice as the origin of T and B cells, revealed by Dr. Henry Claman and his colleagues. The complete absence of the critical role of B cells in the final differentiation of T cells into memory lineages could be a major oversight in modern immunology. In this short essay.

The rapid expansion of immune checkpoint inhibitors, immune effector-cell and T-cell-engaging therapies, Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs), and molecularly targeted agents has transformed both clinical research and standard oncology care. These advances have improved survival across many malignancies, yet they have also introduced a heterogeneous spectrum of adverse events that may be inflammatory, on-target, off-tumor, payload-related, or pharmacologic. Toxicities vary in onset and urgency, may emerge after therapy has stopped, and can affect virtually any organ system [1]. Safe treatment therefore increasingly depends on coordinated expertise that extends beyond the traditional scope of medical oncology.

It has been almost four decades since CD28 was identified as a major player (co-stimulator) of T cell activation and has been recognized as one of the major milestones in the T cell field. However, the exact underlying mechanism involved in the activation of CD28 still remains poorly understood. Most importantly, the depletion of CD28 in mice did not lead to a major defect in T cell activation response, even when combined with the deletion of ICOS, a homolog of CD28.

TGF-β plays an important role in keeping HIV-1 in a hidden, inactive state by suppressing the immune system and creating conditions that prevent the virus from reactivating. However, exactly how TGF-β does this is not well understood. In this study, we used the U1 cell line to explore how TGF-β affects HIV-1 reactivation.

Trisomy 21 (T21) is the most common chromosomal disorder and is associated with a substantially increased risk of epilepsy, affecting approximately 5–10% of children [1,2]. Among infants with T21, infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) is the most common epilepsy syndrome of the first year of life, with a reported prevalence of 0.6–13%, approximately 100-fold higher than in the general population [3,4]. The occurrence of IESS adds an additional burden to a population already at risk for neurodevelopmental impairment, making early recognition and effective treatment particularly important [2,5,6]. 

Background: Increased CD8+ T cells in the tumor has shown improved response to therapy and prognosis in breast cancer. Cytotoxic chemotherapies increase immune recognition of the tumor but the effect of chemotherapy on the tumor immune environment is a balance between immune activation and systemic immune suppression. The rexinoic acid receptor agonist bexarotene previously was shown to increase intratumoral CD8+ T cells in TgMMTV-neu transgenic mouse tumors. We therefore determined whether bexarotene could enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of common breast cancer chemotherapies and whether the immune role of bexarotene was contributing to the anti-tumor benefit.

Surgeons new to oocyte retrieval should initially focus on patient safety and the number of oocytes retrieved. This monograph reviews the basis for minor changes in technique that may limit loss of an oocyte into the abdomen or ovarian parenchyma. More significantly, it discusses the importance of maintaining fluid flow in obtaining optimally functional oocytes.

Cohort studies involving more than 500,000 transfers have shown that having an endometrial lining less than 7 or 8 mm at the time of IVF trigger or cryo-defrost progesterone cycle start is associated with having a lower clinical pregnancy and live birth rate than for women with cycles having thicker endometrial linings. The use of platelet-rich plasma has been proposed as a therapy to compensate for having a thin endometrial lining.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine–metabolic disorder and one of the leading causes of anovulatory infertility. Although women with PCOS are often managed as a relatively homogeneous population during assisted reproductive treatment, the four Rotterdam phenotypes differ substantially in endocrine function, metabolic profile, ovarian reserve, follicular microenvironment, ovarian responsiveness, and reproductive potential.

Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is a heterogeneous disorder with diverse clinical manifestations, making diagnosis and management challenging. Pediatric MCAS remains poorly characterized, and the applicability of current diagnostic criteria in children is uncertain. Our objective is to evaluate the clinical history, laboratory findings, intestinal biopsy results, and treatment patterns of pediatric patients with a clinical diagnosis of MCAS, and to identify features that may improve diagnosis and management.

Polymer hybrid composites containing multiple fillers have attracted considerable attention because combinations of different materials can provide properties that are difficult to achieve with a single filler [1]. Nevertheless, the performance of these composites strongly depends on filler dispersion and interfacial interactions within the polymer matrix [2–4].

Decades of research have established, with remarkable clarity, that stability and care provided during a child’s earliest years have lasting impact on their health, development, and well-being. Across the lifespan, the consequences of a baby’s early relational trauma or responsive care, shape the architecture of their developing brain. When there is trauma or neglect, toxic stress in infancy alters the stress-response system in ways that, without amelioration, can persist for decades.

The following commentary expands on previous work on treating individuals diagnosed with behavioral addictions (BA) and co-occurring disorders (COD), suggesting a comprehensive-collaborative care model to enhance individual treatment protocols. It examines definitions and the challenges of aligning them with substance use disorders (SUD) in classification systems, noting dissonance among scholars and lack of research hindering acceptance by the American Psychiatric Association and World Health Organization.

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome encompasses a less common haematologic entity which is diagnosed after exclusion of clonal, reactive, familial, and secondary causes of eosinophilia. Its diverse clinical presentation involving any organ or system is well known and may be life threatening if untreated. 

Penile cancer is a rare and biologically heterogeneous malignancy in which extensive regional nodal or distant metastatic disease is associated with poor survival. This structured narrative review summarizes current evidence for systemic treatment in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, first-line palliative, and later-line settings, together with emerging biomarkers and molecularly directed strategies. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched through 2010 to June 2026.