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Journal of Cellular Immunology
ISSN: 2689-2812
Volume 3, Issue 5, p296-354
Articles published in this issue are Open Access and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY NC) where the readers can reuse, download, distribute the article in whole or part by mentioning proper credits to the authors.
Short and Sweet: Viral 5`-UTR as a Canonical and Non-Canonical Translation Initiation Switch
The conventional view of gene expression regulation is based on transcription control. However, a growing number of recent studies has revealed the important additional impact of translational regulation.
J Cell Immunol, 2021, Volume 3, Issue 5, p296-304 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.3.110Exploring and Targeting the Tumor Immune Microenvironment of Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is derived from the developing sympathetic nervous system and is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood.
J Cell Immunol, 2021, Volume 3, Issue 5, p305-316 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.3.111COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes and Vaccine Efficacy among Patients with Hematologic Malignancies
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic places the treating hematologist in a quandary: how best to protect patients with hematologic malignancies from potentially deadly COVID-19 infection while also providing the best therapy for their disease and maximizing opportunities for cure.
J Cell Immunol, 2021, Volume 3, Issue 5, p317-320 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.3.112Guanylate Binding Proteins promote anti-Leishmania Host Cell Defense
Leishmania donovani is an obligatory intracellular protozoa pathogen that transmits by sand flies to mammalian hosts. L. donovani is the causative agent of the disease Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), also known as Kala-azar, which causes hepatosplenomegaly i.e., enlargement of the spleen and liver in patients.
J Cell Immunol, 2021, Volume 3, Issue 5, p321-325 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.3.113Using Immune Cell/Adipocyte Co-Culture Models to Identify Inflammatory Paracrine Signaling Mechanisms: A Process Attenuated by Long-Chain N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
This invited Commentary is on the methods paper entitled “Studying adipocyte and immune cell cross talk using a co-culture system” in Immunometabolism:
J Cell Immunol, 2021, Volume 3, Issue 5, p326-335 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.3.114Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) Regulation of Inhibitory Coreceptor Expression in T-cell Immunity
While the immune system is capable of recognizing tumor antigens, certain cancer cells evade immune detection and destruction [1].
J Cell Immunol, 2021, Volume 3, Issue 5, p336-342 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.3.115Immune Cells and Transcriptional Signatures Revealed Novel Regulators and Predict Clinical Response to Biologic Therapy in Ulcerative Colitis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), has a heterogeneous pathogenesis underlined by genetic predisposition, intestinal barrier dysfunction, impaired immune response, and microbiota imbalance [1-3]
J Cell Immunol, 2021, Volume 3, Issue 5, p343-347 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.3.116Resilience in Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases
Along the last decade, likewise in other fields, the concept of resilience has been gaining relevance in medicine and psychology where, although many different definitions have been proposed, it can be briefly described as the skill to positively cope with stressful life events [1].
J Cell Immunol, 2021, Volume 3, Issue 5, p348-354 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.3.117How Well Do Hemodialysis Patients Respond to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine?
In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified COVID-19 to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and declared it a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [1]. Over one hundred and eighty-five million people have been infected by SARS-CoV-2 and roughly four million have died worldwide so far
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, affecting nearly one in eight women. Accurate cancer staging is essential for determining the patient’s prognosis and for choosing the appropriate treatment.
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Fertility Sparing Surgery in Stage 1B2 Cervical Cancer
In 2020 we published a series of 18 patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and vaginal radical trachelectomy (VRT) as a fertility sparing alternative in stage 1B2 cervical cancer.
The Dual Role of Macrophages during Hepatitis B Infection
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects more than 250 million individuals worldwide and is responsible for more than 800,000 deaths per year by promoting end-stage liver diseases, among which decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (WHO, July 2020) are prominent. Studies performed in chimpanzees or in animalversion of HBV (woodchuck HBV: WHBV) highlighted the lack of immune responses against the virus upon primary infection. Thus, HBV has been described as a “stealth” virus (i.e. a virus that does not modify/induce immune response in the cell). However, a growing number of studies describe that HBV is able to rapidly and efficiently counteract the innate immune response in a large variety of cells (hepatocytes, macrophages, Natural Killer cell…). Hereby, we focus on the role of macrophages (Mφ) during HBV infection.
Relative COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Effectiveness and ClinicalEpidemiological Characteristics Before and After 29 Days of Shot
Background: When the highest vaccine COVID-19 booster effectiveness (VBE) is obtained is not clearly known. Objective: To compare the cases of COVID-19 in booster vaccinated people with a time of <29 days vs. ≥ 29 days from booster to infection diagnosis and assess their relative VBE. Methodology: An observational, longitudinal and prospective case series study of adult patients with COVID-19 breakthrough infections in booster vaccinated people, in general medicine and for the period December 2021 to February 2022, during the omicron variant contagion wave.
Late ECG Changes after Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy in Testicular Cancer Survivors
Introducing cisplatin-based therapy into testicular cancer treatment represents a substantial progress in therapy leading to a longer survival of patients and less adverse effects; currently it represents the standard therapy.
S1P Generation by Sphingosine Kinase-2 in Recruited Macrophages Resolves Lung Inflammation by Blocking STING Signaling in Alveolar Macrophages
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the major cause of mortality among hospitalized acute lung injury (ALI) patients. Lung macrophages play an important role in maintaining the tissue-fluid homeostasis following injury. We recently showed that circulating monocytes recruited into the alveolar space suppressed the stimulator of type 1 interferon genes (STING) signaling in alveolar macrophages through sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P).
Perivascular Adipose Tissue: Quantitative Analysis by Morphometry and Stereology in Rodents
Virtually all arteries, except brain arteries, are surrounded by a significant amount of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). It was thought that the PVAT was only responsible for the mechanical protection of vessels against neighboring tissues during contraction.
M1 and M2 Macrophages Polarization via mTORC1 Influences Innate Immunity and Outcome of Ehrlichia Infection
Macrophages are innate immune cells that play a key role in regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses against infections with several pathogens as they respond to pathogens and tissue injury, serve as antigen presenting cells priming the adaptive immune response, drive inflammation and host defense as well as repairing
BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Elicited Antibody Responses in COVID-19-naïve Subjects
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines have gained international acceptance and have been proven to be safe and effective [1,2]. In a study of 3,950 frontline healthcare workers with no previous laboratory documentation of COVID-19 [3],
Macrophages in Oral Tissues
The balance between cell removal following tissue damage and new cell formation to facilitate repair has long been linked to the behaviour of inflammatory macrophages and their interactions with tissue-resident non-immune cells. The main aim of the inflammatory response is to modulate the tissue environment by removing unwanted cells and recruiting cells and soluble factors from the bloodstream to help protect the damaged tissue against infective foreign bodies.
Chemotherapy Promotes Release of Exosomes Which Upregulate Cholesterol Synthesis and Chemoresistance in AML Blasts
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a key mediator of intercellular communication as well as a major mechanism of functional reprogramming of cells in disease. All cells produce EVs, which freely circulate and are found in all body fluids. EVs are heterogenous, consisting of subsets of vesicles with different sizes, distinct origins, and various functions (Figure 1). They mediate a broad variety of biological events ranging from cellular activation, inflammation, blood coagulation, angiogenesis, cellular transport, and others. Among these vesicles, a subset of small EVs (30-150 nm in diameter) originating from multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in parent cells and referred to as small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) carry proteomic, genomic and functional signatures that resemble those of parent cells and are, therefore, taken as surrogates of parent cells. In cancer, tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) reflect characteristics of tumor cells and are considered candidates for “liquid tumor biopsy”. Emerging evidence shows that TEX are a major sEV subset in plasma of patients with cancer, including hematologic malignancies.
Influenza A Virus Infection Induces White Adipose Tissue Browning: A Metabolic Adaptation to Infection?
Mammals have two main types of adipose tissue (commonly defined as “fat”): the white adipose tissue (WAT), which represents the main energy reservoir of the body and provides lipids as substrates for other tissues, and the brown adipose tissue (BAT), which uses lipids for heat production (a process called “thermogenesis”).
COVID-19, the Immune System, and Neurological Damage
The Germ Theory of Disease was solidified in the 19th century by Louise Pasteur and Robert Koch. They systematically visualized, isolated, and quantified microscopic pathogens as causative agents of diseases and epidemics. Viruses are submicroscopic; therefore, they were discovered later as pathogens by indirect methods [1,2].
Syncytiotrophoblast Extracellular Microvesicles in Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in expecting mothers and is one of the most common causes of pregnancy complications and premature birth [2]. Along with eclampsia, it is directly associated with 10-15% of maternal deaths [2].
Long-term Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma
In the United States malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare disease with approximately 300 new cases each year. The malignancy progresses within the peritoneal space throughout its natural history so that a majority of patients die as a result of massive disease within the abdomen and pelvis. Persistence and then progression of mesothelioma occurs despite extensive surgical procedures to eradicate the disease.
M1 Macrophages are More Susceptible to Necroptosis
Macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system and play a crucial role in host immune defense against infection and injury [1-3]. Macrophages form the first line of defense against airborne particles and microbes through multiple functions including phagocytosis, production of cytokines and chemokines, and antigen presentation.
Using Immune Cell/Adipocyte Co-Culture Models to Identify Inflammatory Paracrine Signaling Mechanisms: A Process Attenuated by Long-Chain N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
This invited Commentary is on the methods paper entitled “Studying adipocyte and immune cell cross talk using a co-culture system” in Immunometabolism:
IL-22-mediates Cross-talk between Tumor Cells and Immune Cells Associated with Favorable Prognosis in Human Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer related death worldwide. Its outcome depends on different factors. On one hand there are cancer related features, including mutations, microsatellite status, and methylation alterations.
Resilience in Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases
Along the last decade, likewise in other fields, the concept of resilience has been gaining relevance in medicine and psychology where, although many different definitions have been proposed, it can be briefly described as the skill to positively cope with stressful life events [1].
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