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Journal of Cellular Immunology
ISSN: 2689-2812
Volume 2, Issue 4, p143-200
Articles published in this issue are Open Access and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY NC) where the readers can reuse, download, distribute the article in whole or part by mentioning proper credits to the authors.
CRISPR Taking the Front Seat in Immunotherapy
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technology has dramatically simplified genome editing and is widely applicable in both basic research and therapeutic areas. The basic principle of CRISPR relies on the use of guide RNA which is designed to bind to the DNA sequence of interest along with a CRISPR-associated (Cas) endonuclease which introduces a double-stranded DNA break (DSB) at that site.
J Cell Immunol, 2020, Volume 2, Issue 4, p143-148 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.2.032Lung-targeted SERCA2a Gene Therapy: From Discovery to Therapeutic Application in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial lung disease characterized by an accumulation of scar tissue within the lungs and the common presence of usual interstitial pneumonia. Unfortunately, only a few FDA-approved therapeutic options are currently available for the treatment of IPF and IPF remains associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, the identification of new pharmacological targets and strategies are critical for the treatment of IPF.
J Cell Immunol, 2020, Volume 2, Issue 4, p149-156 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.2.033TNF-alpha Inhibitors and Neutropenia: Current State of Art
To date, neutropenia and agranulocytosis related to TNF-α inhibitors have been discussed infrequently in the literature. In the current paper, a narrative review of the literature was performed on anti-TNF-α inhibitors, including infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept, golimumab, and certolizumab, using the PubMed database of the US National Library of Medicine. The review was restricted to autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases or other orphan diseases.
J Cell Immunol, 2020, Volume 2, Issue 4, p157-164 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.2.034Autoantibodies in Overlapping Systemic Sclerosis and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Autoimmune Diseases
Anticentromere antibodies (ACA) are considered an important diagnostic marker of scleroderma or systemic sclerosis (SSc), being CENP-B the major centromere auto-antigen recognized by sera from SSc patients. However, ACA can also be detected in patients with other connective tissue diseases. Significantly the prevalence of organ-specific antibodies in SSc patients is relatively high.
J Cell Immunol, 2020, Volume 2, Issue 4, p165-167 | DOI: 10.33696//immunology.2.035Sex Differences in Clinical Characteristics and Platelet Activation in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis. It is a single-stranded RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family that is transmitted through nasopharyngeal or conjunctival mucosa from infected individuals. The incubation period ranges from 2 to 8 days. Two antigenically different RSV subtypes exist, A and B.
J Cell Immunol, 2020, Volume 2, Issue 4, p168-170 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.2.036The status of Regulatory Cells/Molecules in Psoriatic Skin
In normal non-inflamed skin, the balance between the expression of pro-inflammatory cells/cytokines and regulatory/protective functions are extremely important for the maintenance of healthy skin. Normal skin T cells (mostly Th1 memory effector cells) have a remarkably diverse TCR repertoire and express high levels of CCR4, CCR6 and CCR8.
J Cell Immunol, 2020, Volume 2, Issue 4, p171-174 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.2.037Are Cysteine-lipases Involved in the Immune System?
Lipases, esterases and proteases constitute superfamilies of hydrolases not only play an important role in the immune system, but also as catalysts in biotechnology and organic chemistry. Mechanistically, they all involve a similar catalytic triad.
J Cell Immunol, 2020, Volume 2, Issue 4, p175-177 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.2.038Allicin as an Adjunct Immunotherapy against Tuberculosis
Allicin (diallylthiosulfinate) is a volatile, oxygenated, sulphur-containing compound, extracted from garlic (Allium sativum). It is responsible for the characteristic odor of garlic. Allicin is known to exert its effects as an antipathogenic agent mainly by targeting the thiol-containing proteins or enzymes in different microorganisms and also by regulating the key genes responsible for the virulence of the microorganism.
J Cell Immunol, 2020, Volume 2, Issue 4, p178-182 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.2.039Cytokines (IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α) in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Neonatal Hypoxia/Ischemia)
Perinatal brain injury is an important clinical and socioeconomic entity. It is a syndrome of impaired brain function in the early days of life, and it is a consequence of inadequate brain oxygenation before, during or shortly after birth, with high mortality rates and early and late morbidity rates.
J Cell Immunol, 2020, Volume 2, Issue 4, p183-187 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.2.040The Considerable Conundrum of NSAID-induced Melt
Over 20 years after the first description of NSAIDinduced Corneal Melt (NICM), a rare but potentially devastating visual complication induced by a topically applied medication, the optimal prevention and treatment for this condition remain unknown creating a clinical conundrum for eye care professionals and challenge for eye researchers.
J Cell Immunol, 2020, Volume 2, Issue 4, p188-191 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.2.041Current Advances in CAR T Cell Therapy for Malignant Mesothelioma
Malignant mesothelioma is a relatively rare malignancy arising in the body’s serosal surfaces, with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) being the most common type. It is characterized by local spread within the thorax, poor prognosis and resistance to treatment. The development of various immunotherapeutic options has provided a new way- and hope- in treating cancer patients. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has been proven very successful in treating hematological cancers, like leukemias and lymphomas, and its use is now being tested in solid tumors.
J Cell Immunol, 2020, Volume 2, Issue 4, p192-200 | DOI: 10.33696/immunology.2.042Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR NK Cells Emerging Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer
Although NK cells are recognized as effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system, they also regulate the adaptive immune response by releasing inflammatory cytokines and developing immunological memory. Unlike other lymphocytes such as T or B cells, NK cells do not express rearrangeable, antigen-specific receptors.
Emerging Role of TRPML1 Mucolipin Endolysosomal Channel in Cancer
The transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) is an endolysosomal channel belonging to the TRP family. Clinically, mutations of TRPML1 have been responsible for a severe lysosomal storage disorder called mucolipidosis type IV.
Circulating Cell-Free RNA: A New Perspective for Endometrial Cancer
In order to implement the knowledge of cancer to monitor its evolution and setting, in the last decade, new minimally invasive and repeatable samples collection have been developed such as liquid biopsy. Cancer biomarkers originating from tumors can represent the molecular status of the tumor or its metastases which release them directly into body fluids or indirectly due to disruption of tumor/metastatic tissue. These biomarkers are detectable in liquid biopsy.
Deubiquitinase as Potential Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy
During the last few decades, immunotherapy is considered to be an important approach to help our immune system to fight various kinds of diseases, such as tumor. Sometimes, it works very well for some types of cancers, for example: bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer and lymphoma.
The Effect of Glucocorticoids on Angiogenesis in the Treatment of Solid Tumors
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are defined by their role in maintaining glucose homeostasis and natural GCs are a class of corticosteroids secreted by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol is the most important natural GC in humans. Cellular cortisol levels are regulated by the tissue-specific metabolic enzymes 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (11β-HSD 1 and 2); 11β-HSD 1 converts inactive cortisone to active cortisol, while 11β-HSD 2 has the opposite function.
Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Modulation of Cancer Immunotherapy Response
The gut microbiome or gut flora is a vast community of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi that inhabit the digestive tract of the human and other animals. In the human body, bacterial species colonize into the oral cavity, skin, vagina, and placenta, however, the largest population of microorganisms resides in the intestine. The majority of gut microbiota belong to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria.
Do Support Vector Machines Play a Role in Stratifying Patient Population Based on Cancer Biomarkers
Cancer is a worldwide public health issue that affects millions of people every year. In 2018 there were 17 million newly documented cases of cancer globally (8.8 million in men and 8.2 million in women), leading to 9.6 million deaths. Cancer is a vastly heterogeneous disease, with over 100 different types of cancer currently identified in humans; the most common types of cancer are lung, female breast, bowel and prostate, these four types account for more than 40% of all new cancer case
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, affecting nearly one in eight women. Accurate cancer staging is essential for determining the patient’s prognosis and for choosing the appropriate treatment. The staging system most often used is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system, where T refers to the size of the tumor, N refers to spread of the primary cancer to nearby lymph nodes, and M refers to the spread of metastasis to distant sites in the body.
Platelet Hyperactivity and Dysfunction in Diabetes and Cancer
However, the entire coagulation cascade is dysfunctional, in progressed chronic diabetes and cancer patients. Platelets (PLTs) in type 2 diabetic (DT2) involved in Thrombosis and Haemostasis (T&H) of individuals adhere to vascular endothelium and aggregate more voluntarily than those in healthy individuals, as are abnormalities in the microvascular and macrovascular circulations. However it is already known that the circulating PLTs are essential for T&H, inflammation growth factors delivery, regeneration; and knowledge of their function is fundamental to understanding the pathophysiology of vascular disease in diabetes and cancer-related diseases.
Metabolic Syndrome is an Important Cornerstone in the Health-disease Line and Pathological Organ Interaction
Today, metabolic syndrome (MS) has been regarded as a very important disease due to its complex multifactorial etiology and damage to different organs. In general, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance are the main metabolic abnormalities of the MS. Compared with the others; in particular, insulin resistance and central obesity are considered the main causes in the pathogenesis
Using Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein Deficiency to Understand Maternal Health
Fatty acid oxidation disorders unfortunately can result in the sudden unexplained death of infants. Mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP) deficiency is one such disease where long-chain fatty acids cannot be fully oxidized through beta-oxidation which, can lead to cardiac arrythmias in an infant.
When does the Brain Ask for Help from the Eyes?
By deduction from complexity of (behavioral) models, we develop an entropic computational tool to distinguish erroneous/redundant eye movements from task relevant eye movements.
SorLA Targeting - A Method to Overcome Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer
In breast cancer, tyrosine kinase-type cell surface receptor HER2-targeted therapies do not achieve a sustained inhibition of oncogenic signaling. Therapy-resistant tumors compensate for HER2 inhibition through several mechanisms, including increased expression of other cell-surface receptors most notably HER3. HER3 remains currently undruggable despite extensive clinical efforts. Durable efficacy of HER2-based therapy regimens requires, therefore, effective inhibition of HER2 and HER3.
Admitting UnKnown Biosimilar- Drugs Affects Thrombosis and Haemostasis Processes
Accidental admitting and using (un-) known drugs might manipulate health and/or disease(s) of a subject in a positive (healing) and/or negative way (increased mortality and morbidity rate). Now a days, different kinds of drug development technologies are available, which might help affect global health. Though, the psychiatric comorbid disorders were important risk factors for premature drug-related deaths despite so many developed tools and technologies.
Multidirectional Benefits of Nanotechnology in the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis
Despite the curious advancement in medical science and therapeutics, tuberculosis (TB) persist the primary factor of mortality than any other infectious disease and socioeconomic disaster for millions of people around the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), World’s One-third of the population is infected with this disease and of these, 8 to 10 million people develop active disease and 2 million people die each year and the rest of the infected people remain asymptomatic.
Salivary Protein Antigens for Breast Cancer Biomarkers
Breast Cancer is the most regularly diagnosed type of cancer in women in the world, making up on its own 25% of all cases, or nearly 2 million new cases in 2018, and 15% of all cancer related deaths, or around 626,700 deaths for that same year.
Commentary on “Epigenetically Altered T Cells Contribute to Lupus Flares”
The recently published manuscript entitled “Epigenetically Altered T Cells Contribute to Lupus Flares” summarizes recent advances in our understanding of how the environment alters the immune system to cause flares of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in genetically predisposed people, and why it affects women approximately 9 times more often than men
Commentary on "The Gene Master Regulators GMR Approach Provides Legitimate Targets for Personalized, Time-Sensitive Cancer Gene Therapy"
For decades, the scientific community tried hard to identify the gene biomarkers whose mutations or regulations cause (better say are associated with) specific forms of cancer. For instance, the September 17th 2019 release of the Genomic Data Commons Data Portal includes 3,142,246 mutations detected in 22,872 genes sequenced from 37,075 cases of cancers localized in 67 primary sites.
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Fertility Sparing Surgery in Stage 1B2 Cervical Cancer
In 2020 we published a series of 18 patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and vaginal radical trachelectomy (VRT) as a fertility sparing alternative in stage 1B2 cervical cancer.
Refining the Class IIa HDAC/MEF2 Paradigm in Muscle Biology: More than Meets the Eye
For several decades, the transcription factor MEF2 (myocyte enhancer factor-2) has been known as a master regulator of myogenesis that orchestrates the first step in muscle formation: the differentiation of myoblasts into myocytes. Because of its importance during myoblast differentiation, the potential roles of MEF2 during later steps of myogenesis, in particular myocyte fusion, could not be properly investigated.
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