Archives of Gastroenterology Research

Editorial Open Access

Treatment and Drug Resistance to Helicobacter Pylori: A Brief Review

Vinícius Lima de Souza Gonçalves , Jonathan Santos Apolonio , Ronaldo Teixeira da Silva Junior , Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos , Beatriz Rocha Cuzzuol , Marcel Silva Luz , Fabian Fellipe Bueno Lemos , Hanna Santos Marques , Camilo Santana Silva , Mariana Miranda Sampaio , Bruna Teixeira da Costa , Fabrício Freire de Melo

Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that inhabits the gastric environment of 60.3% of the global population. Though most individuals infected with the bacterium remain asymptomatic, it is known that this infection plays a pivotal role in the development of diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and gastric MALT lymphoma. Hence, eradication of H. pylori is associated with the potential prevention of many gastric and extra gastric diseases, such as gastric cancer.

Review Article Open Access

Alcoholic Liver Disease and the co-triggering Role of MEOS with Its CYP ₂E₁ Catalytic Cycle and ROS

Rolf Teschke , Manuela G. Neuman , Suthat Liangpunsakul , Helmut-Karl Seitz

Until the early sixties, the concept prevailed that alcoholic liver disease (ALD), also termed alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD), results from malnutrition commonly observed among individuals consuming chronically high amounts of alcohol rather than being causally related to the use of alcoholic beverages. However, the malnutrition concept became a matter of debate because of the clinical observation that humans, even on a normal diet and without signs of underweight or malnutrition

Commentary Open Access

Conversion Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Lenvatinb

Nobutaka Sato , Toru Beppu , Eri Oda , Kensuke Yamamura , Shinichi Akahoshi

Multidisciplinary treatment is widely applied for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using liver resection/ transplantation, local ablation therapy, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and systemic therapy. Systemic therapy is recommended and can provide a modest prognosis for HCC in Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging C.

Short Communication Open Access

Are We Close to Achieving a HBV Cure? Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Persists Despite Long-term HBV Suppression: An Update on Our Experience

Tina Boortalary , Brianna J Shinn , Robert M Coben , Mitchell I Conn , Jorge Prieto , Howard Kroop , Anthony J DiMarino , Hie-Won Hann

Since the discovery of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) by Blumberg et al., great progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of the virus and its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is estimated that hepatitis B is responsible for about 50% of the HCC cases worldwide. Because of geographic variations in HBV incidence, the burden of HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC) is highest in endemic areas such as Asian-Pacific and sub- Saharan Africa and lowest in the United States and the West. The hepatitis B vaccines, developed in the 1980s, transformed the evolution of hepatitis B in the modern era. This was followed by high effective anti-viral that reduced HBV infections and HBV-HCC.

Commentary Open Access

The Dual Role of Macrophages during Hepatitis B Infection

Suzanne Faure-Dupuy , Julie Lucifora , David Durantel

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects more than 250 million individuals worldwide and is responsible for more than 800,000 deaths per year by promoting end-stage liver diseases, among which decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (WHO, July 2020) are prominent. Studies performed in chimpanzees or in animalversion of HBV (woodchuck HBV: WHBV) highlighted the lack of immune responses against the virus upon primary infection. Thus, HBV has been described as a “stealth” virus (i.e. a virus that does not modify/induce immune response in the cell). However, a growing number of studies describe that HBV is able to rapidly and efficiently counteract the innate immune response in a large variety of cells (hepatocytes, macrophages, Natural Killer cell…). Hereby, we focus on the role of macrophages (Mφ) during HBV infection.

Mini Review Open Access

Gastric Cancer: A Brief Review, from Risk Factors to Treatment

Beatriz Rocha Cuzzuol , Elise Santos Vieira , Glauber Rocha Lima Araújo , Jonathan Santos Apolonio , Lorena Sousa de Carvalho , Ronaldo Teixeira da Silva Junior , Breno Bittencourt de Brito , Fabrício Freire de Melo

Gastric cancer (GC), also known as stomach cancer, is a worldwide health problem. Anatomically, it can occur from the gastroesophageal junction to distal portions of the stomach. Considering both sexes, worldwide, it is the 5th most common neoplasm (5.7%) and the 3rd cause of mortality among malignancies, leading to approximately 782,000 deaths in 2018. The incidence varies geographically but 50% of new cases are diagnosed in developed countries. High incidence is observed in Asia, Latin America, and in the central and eastern parts of Europe. There are several ways to classify GC, but the most used is Lauren’s Classification, which proposes two main histological groups: intestinal and diffuse. This classification is important because there are marked etiological, pathological, and epidemiological differences between the subgroups, guiding the clinical approach for each patient.