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Journal of Experimental Pathology
ISSN: 2694-5061
Volume 5, Issue 1, p1-72
Articles published in this issue are Open Access and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY NC) where the readers can reuse, download, distribute the article in whole or part by mentioning proper credits to the authors.
Therapeutic Pathology- The Pathology of Tomorrow
As pure science, pathology has always been the backbone of every aspect of diagnosis in medical practice. Although the main focus has been on the classification of the disease entities and their association with the prognosis of the condition, the focus has been shifting towards more practical applications- the ‘therapeutic uses’.
J Exp Pathol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 1, p1-5 | DOI: 10.33696/pathology.5.045Retesting of Neonatal Hearing Screening Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study
Introduction: Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS) plays an essential role in the early identification of hearing loss in neonates. Risk factors for hearing impairment may include family history, prematurity, and exposure to ototoxic substances. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) might be a significant contributing factor affecting the structures of the inner ear.
J Exp Pathol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 1, p6-13 | DOI: 10.33696/pathology.5.046Non-Invasive Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation in Cancer Population
The pelvic floor (PF) is a complex network of muscles and ligaments that serves as a crucial structural support for various pelvic organs, including the bladder, urethra, prostate, vagina, uterus, anus, and rectum, while also indirectly supporting intra-abdominal contents. It forms a hammock-like supportive layer embedded from the pubic bone to the sacrum/coccyx and ischial tuberosities.
J Exp Pathol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 1, p14-20 | DOI: 10.33696/pathology.5.047A Work on the Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine Combined with Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) Step-down on Non-erosive Reflux Disease
We have published an article in Trials journal to carry out a multicentered, randomized controlled clinical trial on the treatment role of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) combined Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) step-down in non-erosive reflux disease (NRED). NRED is the most popular type of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which is defined as “the presence of abnormal acid exposure time (AET) with or without reflux–symptom association on ambulatory reflux monitoring performed off anti-secretory therapy” by Rome IV consensus.
J Exp Pathol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 1, p21-23 | DOI: 10.33696/pathology.5.048Methylene Blue Oral Rinse: An Effective Alternative for the Treatment of Pain in Oral Mucositis during Head and Neck Cancer Treatment
While the general population perceives mucositis as soreness and inflammation of the mouth or gut, the cancer patient experiences it as one of the most dreaded and debilitating side effects of therapy. Mucositis can be painful, but especially oral mucositis (OM) stands as a prevalent adverse consequence of cancer treatment impacting the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal mucosa. The etiology and severity of OM lesions exhibit variability contingent upon the modality of treatment employed. For individuals undergoing chemotherapy, the incidence of OM approximates 40%, with a proportional increase noted in accordance with the chemotherapy agent and the number of therapy cycles.
J Exp Pathol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 1, p24-30 | DOI: 10.33696/pathology.5.049Azot is Not Essential for Loser Cell Elimination in a Time-dependent Manner
Cell competition is a conserved phenomenon spanning from arthropods to humans. It involves the elimination of viable yet suboptimal "loser" cells when juxtaposed with their fitter "winner" counterparts. This process has received increased attention for its implications in cancer initiation and progression, neurodegeneration, and ageing. This study investigates the presence of the loser fitness fingerprint Flower LoseB (Fwe LB) and the fitness checkpoint Azot in the optic lobes over a period of 28 days. Notably, the absence of Azot is conventionally linked to the accumulation of loser cells over time.
J Exp Pathol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 1, p31-37 | DOI: 10.33696/pathology.5.050Analysis of Hearing Monitoring in Children during Annual Visits to an Outpatient Hearing Health Service Program
Preserving the integrity of the auditory system is crucial for language development, learning, and social interaction. Any interruption in these processes during development can result in significant functional impairments. The objective was to carry out a longitudinal analysis of audiological data from children who underwent an initial assessment at SASA in 2018 and were followed up for 4 years at the outpatient's annual consultations.
J Exp Pathol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 1, p38-48 | DOI: 10.33696/pathology.5.051Nanopore Sequencing of Cell-free DNA: An Emerging Liquid Biopsy Approach for Brain Tumor Molecular Profiling
Brain tumors exhibit significant molecular heterogeneity, complicating diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Traditional tissue biopsies are invasive and often fail to capture the full tumor landscape due to intratumoral heterogeneity. Liquid biopsy, which analyzes cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), offers a minimally invasive alternative for tumor profiling. Nanopore sequencing, a novel long-read sequencing technology, is emerging as a valuable tool in this context.
J Exp Pathol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 1, p49-60 | DOI: 10.33696/pathology.5.052Immunohistochemistry in Small Lung Biopsies: Diagnostic Pitfalls and Challenges with Limited Panels
With the increasing need for targeted therapies in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), preserving sufficient biopsy material has become essential. As most lung cancer cases are advanced or inoperable at the time of diagnosis, small biopsies, including cytology specimens, often serve as the only source of diagnostic material. Accurate subclassification of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in NSCLC using a limited panel including TTF1 and p63/p40 immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, as well as confirming small cell carcinoma using essential IHC markers, is critical for precise diagnosis, cost-effective treatment, and optimal patient care.
J Exp Pathol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 1, p61-72 | DOI: 10.33696/pathology.5.053Prevalence of Symptom Clusters in Cancer Patients at First Presentation in Palliative Care Clinic as per Different Disease Groups
Cancer has its own disease burden and patients usually suffer from symptom clusters when they are referred for palliative treatment. Identification of symptom cluster trajectories will help clinician to take into account measures that can optimize quality of life of palliative patients. Therefore the aim of this paper is to determine the overall prevalence of symptoms and symptoms clusters in different disease groups according to etiology at the time of first visit to Palliative care clinic by using HIS Palliative First Assessment note indicating Edmonton symptom scale.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR NK Cells Emerging Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer
Although NK cells are recognized as effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system, they also regulate the adaptive immune response by releasing inflammatory cytokines and developing immunological memory. Unlike other lymphocytes such as T or B cells, NK cells do not express rearrangeable, antigen-specific receptors.
Emerging Role of TRPML1 Mucolipin Endolysosomal Channel in Cancer
The transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) is an endolysosomal channel belonging to the TRP family. Clinically, mutations of TRPML1 have been responsible for a severe lysosomal storage disorder called mucolipidosis type IV.
Uniportal VATS Lobectomy for Lung Cancer: Feasibility and Cost Effectiveness in a Single Center Experience
In last decades, video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) together with robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) can be considered the biggest innovation in thoracic surgery. This approach drastically changed the way of performing surgical operations, improving patient’s outcome undergoing thoracic surgery.
Circulating Cell-Free RNA: A New Perspective for Endometrial Cancer
In order to implement the knowledge of cancer to monitor its evolution and setting, in the last decade, new minimally invasive and repeatable samples collection have been developed such as liquid biopsy.
Searching for Easy Reliable Prognostic Parametres in Colorectal Cancer Patients Evaluation
Despite the advances in diagnostic and therapeutic field, colorectal cancer (CRC) still remains the third most common cause of death worldwide, with more than 600,000 cancer-related deaths per year.
Deubiquitinase as Potential Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy
During the last few decades, immunotherapy is considered to be an important approach to help our immune system to fight various kinds of diseases, such as tumor. Sometimes, it works very well for some types of cancers, for example: bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer and lymphoma.
Early Onset Fetal Growth Restriction: Does Path to Diagnosis Impact Outcomes and Pathology?
The etiology of fetal growth restriction is rooted in inadequate maternal-placental vascular malperfusion (MVM) of the placenta. Risk factors for MVM are broad and include maternal, fetal, and placental antecedent determinants.
Synthetic Lethal Drug Combinations Targeting Proteasome and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in TP53-Mutated Cancers
Tumors harboring mutations in certain oncogenes are often dependent on activation of certain pathways which becomes essential for the survival of the cancer cells. This condition is formally known as synthetic lethality, a state when simultaneous loss of two genes is lethal to a cancer cell, while the loss of the individual genes is not.
Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Modulation of Cancer Immunotherapy Response
The gut microbiome or gut flora is a vast community of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi that inhabit the digestive tract of the human and other animals [1,2]. In the human body, bacterial species colonize into the oral cavity, skin, vagina, and placenta, however, the largest population of microorganisms resides in the intestine.
Do Support Vector Machines Play a Role in Stratifying Patient Population Based on Cancer Biomarkers
Cancer is a worldwide public health issue that affects millions of people every year. In 2018 there were 17 million newly documented cases of cancer globally (8.8 million in men and 8.2 million in women), leading to 9.6 million deaths. Cancer is a vastly heterogeneous disease, with over 100 different types of cancer currently identified in humans; the most common types of cancer are lung, female breast, bowel and prostate, these four types account for more than 40% of all new cancer case
Prognostic Role of Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4) in Ovarian Cancer Treatment: Our Point of View
In the last 10 years, the marker “Human Epididymis protein 4 (HE4)” for the management of gynecological tumors has entered powerfully in the world literature. At the moment, carrying out an accurate research in the main scientific portals such as PubMed, we can find more than 2,000 works concerning Cancer antigen-125 (Ca125), but those concerning HE4 are less than 400.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, affecting nearly one in eight women. Accurate cancer staging is essential for determining the patient’s prognosis and for choosing the appropriate treatment.
Platelet Hyperactivity and Dysfunction in Diabetes and Cancer
However, the entire coagulation cascade is dysfunctional, in progressed chronic diabetes and cancer patients.
Development of HPV 16/18 E6 Oncoprotein Paperbased Nanokit for Enhanced Detection of HPV 16/18 E6 Oncoprotein in Cervical Cancer Screening
According to global cancer statistics GLOBOCAN, carcinoma of cervix is ranked as the fourth most common malignancy among women worldwide with an estimation of 570,000 cases and 311,000 deaths in 2018. It is the second most common female malignancy in Lowand- Middle Income Countries (LMICs). In Kenya, the prevalence is 25 cases per 100,000 women. Approximately 75% cases of cervical cancer are caused by persistent infections of the cervical mucosal epithelium with carcinogenic types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) mainly 16 and 18.
Gastric Cancer: A Brief Review, from Risk Factors to Treatment
Gastric cancer (GC), also known as stomach cancer, is a worldwide health problem. Anatomically, it can occur from the gastroesophageal junction to distal portions of the stomach. Considering both sexes, worldwide, it is the 5th most common neoplasm (5.7%) and the 3rd cause of mortality among malignancies, leading to approximately 782,000 deaths in 2018. The incidence varies geographically but 50% of new cases are diagnosed in developed countries. High incidence is observed in Asia, Latin America, and in the central and eastern parts of Europe. There are several ways to classify GC, but the most used is Lauren’s Classification, which proposes two main histological groups: intestinal and diffuse. This classification is important because there are marked etiological, pathological, and epidemiological differences between the subgroups, guiding the clinical approach for each patient.
Botulinum Toxin: The Promising Future of Prostate Cancer Treatment
Botulinum toxin (BT) is a potent poisonous neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species [1]. Its action consists of inhibiting neuromuscular junctions by blocking the release of acetylcholine and desensitizing sensory nerves.
Safety and Efficacy of s-MOX Regimen in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Who Developed Cardiotoxicity Following Fluoropyrimidine Administration: A Case Series
5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an antimetabolite in the fluoropyrimidine class, is the third most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent worldwide for the treatment of solid malignancies [1]. Despite advances in novel cancer therapies, commonly used in combination with fluoropyrimidines, 5-FU remains one of the most effective and safe chemotherapy agents to manage colorectal cancer (CRC).
Surgery Versus Radiation Therapy for Early-Stage Lung Cancer: Patient Selection is Crucial
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer related death in the United States with mortality rates surpassing breast, prostate, brain, and colorectal cancers combined. Recent data shows that susceptibility for both men and women for developing invasive lung and bronchogenic carcinoma peak after the age of 70 years.
Exosome to Promote Cancer Progression via Its Bioactive Cargoes
Exosomes are membranous vesicles ranging in size from 30–100 nm in diameter. They are secreted from multiple cell types into the body fluids through exocytosis, a process commonly used for receptor discharge and intercellular communications.
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