Spinal cord injury (SCI) to the terminal segments of the spinal cord causes severe disruption of the neural circuitry of the bladder, resulting in neurogenic underactive bladder (nUAB). We developed a rodent lumbosacral injury model to investigate the effects of bladder function and structure.

Despite all good intentions, dogs are still running behind humans in effective cancer immunotherapies. The more effective treatments in humans, like infusions of CAR-T and NK-cells are not broadly pursued for canines due to significant costs, the rather complicated logistics and the lack of targetable surface antigens. Monoclonal antibodies are challenging to develop considering the limited knowledge about canine target antigens and about their mode of action.

Innate immunity is the oldest form in evolution and is present in all multicellular organisms, including vertebrates and invertebrates. Although humans are the most recent evolutionary phylum, there is abundant evidence of a genetic inheritance shared between invertebrates and humans. There is correspondence between molecular pathways associated with the recognition systems of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs).