Considering their outstanding mechanical character, it is inevitable to utilize titanium and titanium composite for biomedical engineering application [1-6]. However, the particles releasing from these bulks or composites of biomaterials after long term implanting in human body will cause cell apoptosis or cell death, inflammation, bone

Bio-inspired strategy is kind of interesting to fabricate devices and perform dynamic operations [1]. Various devices have been made, such as airplane, radar and submarine. In life science, as the fundamental entity, million years’ evolution enables cell becomes the most successful functionality.

The last years have witnessed an increased interest in the genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional heterogeneity of mammalian hearts under basal and disease conditions. Although it is known for a long time that the heart consists of several, functionally different cell populations, more detailed insights into the potential heterogeneity of individual cell populations, such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells or fibroblasts were hindered by the lack of appropriate techniques.

Protease-activated receptors (PARs) and the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. In this review, we focus on the regulatory mechanism of ectodomain shedding by ADAM10/17 metalloprotease via GPCR signaling. PAR2 and NK1R induce membrane blebbing, resulting in phosphatidylserine externalization in the cellular membrane, which is required for ADAM10/17 metalloprotease activation. Membrane-embedded dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) has NADPH oxidase and peroxidas

Extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding cells in solid tissue provides mechanical support and communicates with cells through cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) at the cell surface. Integrin is a major group of CAMs represented by a family of αβ heterodimeric single transmembrane receptors.