Preoperative optimal selection of the occluder size is crucial in percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion, and the maximal width of the LAA orifice is the main reference index, however it cannot fully meet the practical operation requirements. We retrospectively analyzed three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and computed tomography (CT) imaging dataset of the 41 patients who underwent LAA occlusion with LAmbre™ system.

In this review address the changes of LA structure and function in patients with CSFP according to our research and existing literature, therefore provide further insight into its clinical significance and pathophysiological mechanisms.

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) represents a rare but devastating disease due to small pulmonary arterial vessels remodelling and increased pulmonary vascular resistance leading to right ventricular dysfunction, right heart failure and death.

Diastolic heart failure (DHF) is also be regarded as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), is estimated to occur in 40 to 50% of patients with HF. More than 70% of HF patients over the age of 65 had HFpEF, and the incidence and prevalence of HFpEF has been increased by 10% every 10 years in comparison to HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and this gap is expected to widen in the coming years.

Heart failure affects 1-2% of the adult population in developed countries and the lifetime risk of a heart failure diagnosis is 20%. Patients with heart failure have markedly reduced life expectancy, physical capacity and quality of life. One-year all-cause mortality rates for heart failure patients range between 7 and 17% and the yearly hospitalization rate can be as high as 44%.