The Methods of Analysis for Determination of Metformin and Glimepiride in Different Matrices

Lobna M. Abdel-Aziz; Ahmed S. Abdelkhalek; Alyaa Antar; Emad H. Abdelraziq; Emad A. Farghaly; Emad M. Elsayed; Emad Y. Metwally; Ammar Y. Khalil; Ammar T. Khalifa; Mahmoud M. Sebaiy

doi:10.33696/Nanotechnol.4.037

Review Article Open Access

Volume 4 | Issue 1 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33696/Nanotechnol.4.037

The Methods of Analysis for Determination of Metformin and Glimepiride in Different Matrices

Lobna M. Abdel-Aziz¹, Ahmed S. Abdelkhalek¹, Alyaa Antar¹, Emad H. Abdelraziq¹, Emad A. Farghaly¹, Emad M. Elsayed¹, Emad Y. Metwally¹, Ammar Y. Khalil¹, Ammar T. Khalifa¹, Mahmoud M. Sebaiy^1,*

¹Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Sharkia, 44519, Egypt

+ Affiliations - Affiliations

*Corresponding Author

Mahmoud M. Sebaiy, mmsebaiy@zu.edu.eg, sebaiym@gmail.com

Received Date: December 05, 2022

Accepted Date: March 21, 2023

Citation

Abdel-Aziz LM, Abdelkhalek AS, Antar A, Abdelraziq EH, Farghaly EA, Elsayed EM, et al. The Methods of Analysis for Determination of Metformin and Glimepiride in Different Matrices. J Nanotechnol Nanomaterials. 2023;4(1):1-10.

Copyright
© 2023 Abdel-Aziz LM, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

In this literature review, we will introduce pharmacology in addition to most of the up-to-date reported methods that have been developed for determination of important oral hypoglycemic drugs which are metformin and glimepiride in their pure forms, combined forms with other drugs, combined forms with degradation products, and in biological samples.

Keywords

Literature review, Metformin, Glimepiride; Degradation products, Biological samples

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood, When the amount of glucose in the blood increases, e.g., after a meal, it triggers the release of the hormone insulin from the pancreas. Insulin stimulates muscle and fat cells to remove glucose from the blood and stimulates the liver to metabolize glucose, causing the blood sugar level to decrease to normal level. In people with diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high. This may be because insulin is not being produced at all, or is not made at sufficient levels, or is not as effective as it should be. The most common forms of diabetes are type-1 diabetes (5%), which is an autoimmune disorder, and type 2 diabetes (95%), which is associated with obesity. Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs in pregnancy, and other forms of diabetes are very rare and are caused by a single gene mutation [1].

Metformin (MTF, as seen in Figure 1), sold under the brand name Glucophage, among others, is the first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. MTF is an antihyperglycemic agent that improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Its pharmacologic mechanisms of action are different from other classes of oral antihyperglycemic agents. MTF decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. MTF does not produce hypoglycemia in either patients with type 2 diabetes or normal subjects and does not cause hyperinsulinemia. With MTF therapy, insulin secretion remains unchanged while fasting insulin levels and daylong plasma insulin response may decrease [2-4].

Figure 1: Chemical structures of Metformin (MTF) and Glimepiride (GLM).

Glimepiride (GLM, as depicted in Figure 1) is indicated for the management of type 2 diabetes in adults as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control as monotherapy. It may also be indicated for use in combination with metformin or insulin to lower blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes whose high blood sugar levels cannot be controlled by diet and exercise in conjunction with an oral hypoglycemic (a drug used to lower blood sugar levels) agent alone [5].

Its mechanism of action is based on ATP-sensitive potassium channels on pancreatic beta cells that are gated by intracellular ATP and ADP. The hetero-octomeric complex of the channel is composed of four pore-forming Kir6.2 subunits and 4 regulatory sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) subunits. Alternative splicing allows the formation of channels composed of varying subunit isoforms expressed at different concentrations in different tissues [7]. In pancreatic beta cells, ATP-sensitive K channels play a role as essential metabolic sensors and regulators that couple membrane excitability with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). When there is a decrease in the ATP:ADP ratio, the channels are activated and open, leading to K+ efflux from the cell, membrane hyperpolarization, and suppression of insulin secretion. In contrast, increased uptake of glucose into the cell leads to elevated intracellular ATP:ADP ratio, leading to the closure of channels and membrane depolarization. Depolarization leads to activation and opening of the voltage-dependent Ca²⁺ channels and consequently an influx of calcium ions into the cell. Elevated intracellular calcium levels cause the contraction of the filaments of actomyosin responsible for the exocytosis of insulin granules stored in vesicles [3]. GLM blocks the ATP-sensitive potassium channel by binding non-specifically to the B sites of both sulfonylurea receptor-1 (SUR1) and sulfonylurea receptor-2A (SUR2A) subunits as well as the A site of SUR1 subunit of the channel to promote insulin secretion from the beta cell [6].

Review of Analytical Methods

Various techniques were used for the analysis of MTF and GLM in its pure forms, in pharmaceutical formulations and in biological fluids. The available reported methods in the literature can be summarized as follows:

Spectroscopic Methods

Spectrophotometric methods
Ref.	LOD	Linearity range	λ_max (nm)	Method or reagent	Matrix	Drugs
[7]	------------	8-18 μg/mL	570	Ninhydrin in alkaline medium	Tablets	MTF
[8]	0.167 & 0.320 μg/mL	5–30 μg/mL.0	233 & 238	Q – Absorption ratio method	Tablets	MTF, Anagliptin
[9]	-------------	2-12 μg/mL	295	Charge-transfer complex with iodine	Tablets	MTF
[10]	0.083 µg/mL	0.5-4 µg/mL	385	Oxidation using sodium hypochlorite in alkaline medium	Tablets and industrial waste water	MTF
[11]	------------	0.5-2 mg/mL	540	Cu²⁺ in basic medium	Tablets	MTF
[12]	0.4 μg/mL	5-30 μg/mL	249	UV spectrophotometry.	Tablets	GLM
[13]	1.311 mg/L	2-40 mg/L	279.0, 257.5 & 256.3	Derivative UV spectrophotometry	Tablets	GLM
[14]	0.4 μg/mL	1- 500 μg/mL	263.3–268.2	Derivative UV spectrophotometry	Tablets	GLM
[15]	------------	40–160 μg/mL	413.5	2,3,5-Triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride in basic media	Tablets	GLM
[16]	2.6 μg/mL 2.8 μg/mL	10–80 μg/mL 20–120 μg/mL	843 415	1-Charge-transfer complex using TCNQ 2-Ion-pair complex using bromo thymol blue	Tablets	GLM
[17]	0.088 μg/mL	0.981-9.812 μg/mL	416	Ion-pair complex formation using bromocresol green	Tablets	GLM
[18]	0.35 μg/mL	0.5-22 μg/mL	231	UV spectrophotometry	Tablets	GLM

Spectrofluorometric methods
Ref.	LOD	Linearity range	λ_em	λ_max	Fluorogenic method	Matrix	Drug
[11]	------------	20-200 μg/mL	520	450	Chrysenequinone in alkaline medium	Tablets	MTF
[19]	0.01 μg/mL	0.04-1.2 μg/mL	416	240	9,10-phenanthraquinone in alkaline media	Tablets	MTF, Glibenclamide

Chromatographic methods

HPLC-UV methods

Drugs	Matrix	Column	Mobile phase	UV-Detector (nm)	Linearity range	LOD	Ref.
MTF	Tablets & formulated microspheres	phenomenex C₁₈ODS (5 μ, 250 × 4.60 mm)	Acetonitrile:phosphate buffer (65:35) pH adjusted to 5.75 with o-phosphoric acid	233	0-25 μg/mL	--------	[20]
MTF	Human plasma	RP C₁₈ (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)	34% acetonitrile & 66% aqueous phase, containing 10 mM KH₂PO₄ and 10 mM SLS.	233	0.125-2.5 μg/mL	62 ng/mL	[21]
MTF, nateglinide	Tablets	Inertsil C₁₈-ODS 3V (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)	Phosphate buffer (pH4.0): Acetonitrile: methanol (30:60:10)	221	60-140 μg/mL	2.18 μg/mL	[22]
MTF, Gliclazide & GLM	Tablets	Thermo Scientific® BDS Hypersil C₈ (5µm, 2.50 x 4.60 mm)	MeOH : 0.025M KH₂PO₄adjusted to pH 3.20 using ortho - phosphoric acid (70 : 30, v/v)	235	5-100 µg/mL	0.05 (MET), 0.11 μg/mL (GLM)	[23]
MTF, ertugliflozin	Tablets	Kromasil C₁₈ (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)	0.1% ortho-phosphoric acid buffer (pH 2.7):acetonitrile (65:35% v/v)	224	62.5-375 μg/mL	0.87 μg/mL	[24]
MTF, Repaglinide	Tablets	XBridge C₁₈ column (4.6 x 150 mm, 3.5 μm)	Potassium dihyrogen ortho phosphate (2.2 pH): Acetonitrile (35:65%v/v)	240	5-50 μg/mL	0.018 μg/mL	[25]
MTF, pioglitazone & GLM	Tablets	Inertsil-ODS-3 C₁₈ (250 × 4.60 mm, 5 µm)	Methanol–phosphate buffer (pH 4.3) in the ratio of 75:25 v/v	258	10-5000 (MET), 1-10 μg/mL (GLM)	--------	[26]
MTF, atorvastatin & GLM	Tablets	Grace Smart Altima C₈ (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)	Acetonitrile : phosphate buffer (60 : 40 (v/v), pH 3.0)	235	20- 200 µg/mL	--------	[27]
MTF, Sitagliptin	Tablets	Li-chrosphere-100 C₁₈ ODS (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)	Methanol: potassium di-hydrogen phosphate buffer at a ratio of 70:30 v/v	266	20-100 μg/mL	0.14 μg/mL	[28]
MTF	Tablets	RP C₁₈ (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5.0 µm)	34% acetonitrile and 66% 10 mM KH₂PO₄and 10 mM sodium lauryl sulfate (pH 5.2)	233	2.5-20 µg/mL	0.1 µg/mL	[29]
MTF, gliclazide	Tablets	Alltima CN (250 mm × 4.6 mm x5μm)	20 mM ammonium formate buffer (pH 3.5) and acetonitrile (45:55, v/v)	227	2.5-150 μg/mL	0.8 μg/mL	[30]
GLM	Self-nanoemulsifying powder (SNEP) formulation	octadesyl silane (ODS) (250 x 4.6 mm, 5μm)	Acetonitrile: 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH= 7.4) 40:60 v/v	228	0.2-2 μg/mL	0.38 μg/mL	[31]
GLM	Rat serum samples	LiChrosphere 100 RP 18 e (125 × 4.0 mm, 5 µm)	MeOH: 10mM Phosphate buffer (80:20 v/v) adjusted to pH 3.0 with orthophosphoric acid	230	0.5-500 μg/mL	0.15 μg/mL	[32]
GLM	Tablets	Hypersil C₁₈ (15 cm x 3.9 mm)	Acetonitrile 0.05 M monobasic potassium phosphate (pH 6.0) 40:60 v/v	210	10–40 μg/mL	0.8 μg/mL	[33]
GLM	Tablets	Lichrosorb RP-18 (125 x 4 mm, 5µm)	Acetonitrile-water-glacial acetic acid (550:450:0.6 v/v)	230	15-120 μg/mL	4 ng	[34]
GLM	Tablets	spherisorb S₅NH₂ (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm)	40% acetonitrile and 60% aqueous acetate buffer (5.0 mM at pH 6.3)	228	50.0 μg/L - 6.0 mg/L	15.0 μg/L	[35]
MTF, pioglitazone & GLM	Tablets	Phenomenex-ODS-3 C₁₈ (250 × 4.60 mm, 5 μm)	MeOH:acetonitrile:15 mM KHPO4 (pH 4), 40:35:25	240	0.2-50 (MET), 0.2-30 μg/mL (GLM)	0.04 (MTF), 0.08 μg/mL (GLM)	[36]
MTF, pioglitazone & GLM	Human plasma	MAGELLEN 5U C₁₈ (5 μm, 150 mm × 4.60 mm)	MeOH-0.025 M KH2PO4 adjusted to PH 3.20 using O-phosphoric acid (85:15, v/v)	235	2.50-100 μg/mL	0.05 (MET), 0.10 μg/mL (GLM)	[37]

2.2: HPLC-MS methods

Drug	Matrix	Column	Mobile phase	Detector	Linearity range	LOD	Ref.
MTF, canagliflozin	Human plasma	C₁₈ column (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm)	0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (60:40, v/v)	MS	50–5000 ng/mL	15 ng/mL	[38]
MTF, Empagliflozin	Tablets	Bridged Ethylene Hybrid C₁₈(50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)	0.1% aqueous formic acid: acetonitrile (75:25, v/v)	MS	50–25,000 ng/mL	7.3– 21.9 ng/mL	[39]
MTF	Human plasma	a Zorbax SB C₈ (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)	Acetonitrile−water− formic acid (70:30:1, v/v)	MS	2.0–2000 ng/mL	0.7 ng/mL	[40]
MTF	Human plasma	Nucleosil C₁₈ (5 μm, 50 mm × 4.6 mm)	Acetonitrile: methanol:10 mM ammonium acetate pH 7.0 (20:20:60, v/v/v)	MS	1–2000 ng/mL	250 pg/mL	[41]
MTF, gliclazide	Human plasma	Hypersil BDS C₁₈ (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 3 µm)	Methanol–water (containing 1% formic acid)– acetonitrile (30: 31: 39, v/v/v)	MS	7.8–4678.9 ng/mL	2.6 ng/mL	[42]
MTF, vildagliptin	Human plasma	Atlantis HILIC Silica (150 × 2.1 mm, 3μm)	20% water and 80% acetonitrile/water solution 95:5 (v/v), containing both 0.1% formic acid and 3mM ammonium formate.	MS	5-500 ng /mL	1.5 ng/mL	[43]
GLM	Human plasma	5 µm (50 mm × 2.1 mm, i.d.) C¹⁸ XTerra column	Ammonium acetate buffer (0.02 M, pH = 3.5): acetonitrile: methanol in the ratio of 40:35:25 (v/v)	MS	5.0– 500.0 ng/mL	1.5 ng/ml.	[44]
GLM	Human plasma	ACE 5C₁₈, 50×4 mm, 5μm column	200mL water, 450mL acetonitrile, 350mL methanol, 0.6mL glacial acetic acid	MS	5–1,000 ng/mL	1.5 ng/mL	[45]
GLM	Human plasma	Zorbax Eclipse Plus C₁₈ column (3.5 µm, 4.6 × 100 mm)	Acetonitrile: 0.1% formic in water (70: 30, v/v)	MS	2.0–650 ng/mL	60 pg/mL	[46]
GLM	Human Plasma	BEH C₁₈1.7µm (2.1x50 mm).	A: 30% (Ammonium formate 0.1 %) B:70% Acetonitrile	MS	1– 100 ng/mL	0.33 ng/mL	[47]

HPTLC methods

Drug	Matrix	Stationary phase	Mobile phase	Detector	Linearity range	LOD	Ref.
GLM, Empagliflozin & Linagliptin	Tablets	Aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254	Toluene: methanol: ethyl acetate (4: 3: 2 v/v/v)	Reflectance/fluorescence mode at λ_max 228 nm and λ_em 320 nm	2.61–60 ng/band	1.84 ng/band	[48]
MTF, Atorvastatin & GLM	Tablets	Silica gel 60 F254	Water: methanol: ammonium sulphate (1: 1: 4 v/v/v)	Densitometric detection at 237 nm	200-700 (MET), 600-2100 ng/spot (GLM)	100 (MET), 500 ng/spot (GLM)	[49]
MTF, GLM	Tablets	TLC aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254	0.5% Ammonium Sulfate: Methanol (7.5:2.5 v/v)	Densitometric detection at 228 nm	200-700 (MET), 600-2100 ng/band (GLM)	0.32 (MET), 0.05 ng/band (GLM)	[50]
MTF, Nateglinide,	Tablets	TLC aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254	Chloroform:ethyl acetate:acetic acid (4:6:0.1 v/v/v)	Reflectance/absorbance mode at 216 nm	500–3000 ng/band	0.022 ng/band	[51]
GLM, Rosiglitazone	Tablets	Silica gel 60 F254	Methanol: toluene: ethyl acetate (1:8:1, v/v/v)	Densitometric detection at 228 nm	100 - 1500 ng/spot	30 ng/spot	[52]

Electrochemical methods

Drug	Matrix	Electrode	Linearity range	LOD	Ref.
MTF	Tablets	Glassy carbon	1.0 nmol L⁻¹ - 1.0 μmol L⁻¹	0.3 nmol L^−1.	[53]
MTF	Tablets	Carbon paste	0.1 - 80 μM	0.014 μM	[54]
MTF	Tablets	Glassy carbon	10 - 70 μM	0.7 μM	[55]
MTF	Tablets	Glassy carbon	0.5 - 25 μM	0.12 μM	[56]
MTF	sol–gel matrix	Citrate-capped gold nanoparticle	0.02 - 80 ng mL⁻¹	0.005 ng mL⁻¹	[57]
MTF	Tablets	Carbon paste	0.1–65 μM	30 nM	[58]
MTF	Tablets	Pencil graphite	0.1–1000 µM	6.8 nM	[59]
MTF	Urine	Mercury drop	5×10⁻⁸- 4×10⁻⁶ mol l⁻¹	1.8 × 10⁻⁸ mol l⁻¹	[60]
MTF	Tablets & human serum	Carbon paste	10.4-1125.0 µM	3.4 µM	[61]
MTF	Tablets & urine	Carbon paste	50 nM - 60 μM	9 nM	[62]
MTF	Tablets	CB[6]-modified gold electrode	10 pmol/L - 20 nmol/L	1.35 pmol/L	[63]
MTF	Biological samples	Copper hydroxide - carbon ionic liquid electrode	1 µM–4 mM	0.5 µM	[64]
GLM	Tablets	Glassy carbon Carbon paste	1.0×10^–5 - 3.2×10^–5 mol l^–1 2.0×10^–6 - 1.5×10–5 mol l–1	2.0 × 10^–6 mol l^–1 7.5 × 10^–7 mol l^–1	[65]
GLM, Valsartan	--------	Hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE)	0.25x10^-7- 3.25x10^-7M	3.48x10^-8M	[66]

By the end of this literature review, we would like to emphasize that we continue in our current project to provide an updated review on diseases and drugs chemistry that help the humanity all over the world [67-102].

Conclusion

In this literature review, we shed the light on pharmacology of metformin and glimepiride in addition to most of up-to-date reported methods related to their determination in their pure forms, combined forms with other drugs, combined forms with degradation products, and in biological samples.

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45. Yüzüak N, Özden T, Eren S, Özilhan S. Determination of glimepiride in human plasma by LC–MS–MS. Chromatographia. 2007 Sep;66:165-8.

46. Kammoun AK, Awan ZA, Elawady T, Khedr A, El-Awady MI. LC-MS/MS determination of glimepiride in human plasma with a high recovery at picogram scale: Pharmacokinetic study after oral administration. Acta Chromatographica. 2022;34(1).

47. Ayad MM, Hosny MM, El-Sayed HM, Elwan MG. A Validated Bioanalytical Method for Determination of Glimepiride in Human Plasma Using UPLC-MS/MS.

48. Abbas NS, Derayea SM, Omar MA, Saleh GA. Innovative TLC-densitometric method with fluorescent detection for simultaneous determination of ternary anti-diabetic mixture in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma. Microchemical Journal. 2021 Jun 1;165:106131.

49. Dhaneshwar SR, Salunkhe JV, Bhusari VK. Validated HPTLC method for simultaneous estimation of metformin hydrochloride, atorvastatin and glimepiride in bulk drug and formulation. Journal of Analytical and Aioanalytical Techniques. 2010;1(3):1-5.

50. Patel KK, Karkhanis VV, Gajjar SS. Development and validation of stability indicating HPTLC method for estimation of glimepiride and metformin hydrochloride. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2015 Mar 1;6(3):1222.

51. Thomas AB, Patil SD, Nanda RK, Kothapalli LP, Bhosle SS, Deshpande AD. Stability-indicating HPTLC method for simultaneous determination of nateglinide and metformin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2011 Oct 1;19(4):221-31.

52. Dhole SM, Khedekar PB, Amnerkar ND. Development and validation of hptlc densitometry method for simultaneous estimation of rosiglitazone and glimepiride in fixed tablet dosage form. Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society. 2013;58(2):1663-6.

53. Ghanbari MH, Sharafi P, Nayebossadr S, Norouzi Z. Utilizing a nanocomposite consisting of zinc ferrite, copper oxide, and gold nanoparticles in the fabrication of a metformin electrochemical sensor supported on a glassy carbon electrode. Microchimica Acta. 2020 Oct;187:1-1.

54. Mirzajani R, Karimi S. Preparation of ?-Fe2O3/hydroxyapatite/Cu (II) magnetic nanocomposite and its application for electrochemical detection of metformin in urine and pharmaceutical samples. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2018 Oct 1;270:405-16.

55. Gorska A, Paczosa?Bator B, Wyrwa J, Piech R. New Electrochemical Sensor of Prolonged Application for Metformin Determination Based on Hydrated Ruthenium Dioxide?Carbon Black?Nafion Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. Electroanalysis. 2020 Aug;32(8):1875-84.

56. Hadi M, Poorgholi H, Mostaanzadeh H. Determination oF metformin at metal-organic framework (Cu-BTC) Nanocrystals/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode. South African Journal of Chemistry. 2016 Jan 1;69(1):132-9.

57. Roy E, Patra S, Madhuri R, Sharma PK. Gold nanoparticle mediated designing of non-hydrolytic sol-gel cross-linked metformin imprinted polymer network: A theoretical and experimental study. Talanta. 2014 Mar 1;120:198-207.

58. Dehdashtian S, Gholivand MB, Shamsipur M, Karimi Z. A nano sized functionalized mesoporous silica modified carbon paste electrode as a novel, simple, robust and selective anti-diabetic metformin sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2015 Dec 31;221:807-15.

59. Nezhadali A, Khalili Z. Computer-aided study and multivariate optimization of nanomolar metformin hydrochloride analysis using molecularly imprinted polymer electrochemical sensor based on silver nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2021 Dec;32:27171-83.

60. Skrzypek S, Mir?eski V, Ciesielski W, Soko?owski A, Zakrzewski R. Direct determination of metformin in urine by adsorptive catalytic square-wave voltammetry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2007 Oct 18;45(2):275-81.

61. Hassasi S, Hassaninejad-Darzi SK, Vahid A. Production of copper-graphene nanocomposite as a voltammetric sensor for determination of anti-diabetic metformin using response surface methodology. Microchemical Journal. 2022 Jan 1;172:106877.

62. Gholivand MB, Mohammadi-Behzad L. Differential pulse voltammetric determination of metformin using copper-loaded activated charcoal modified electrode. Analytical Biochemistry. 2013 Jul 1;438(1):53-60.

63. Wang Y, Ding L, Yu H, Liang F. Cucurbit [6] uril functionalized gold nanoparticles and electrode for the detection of metformin drug. Chinese Chemical Letters. 2022 Jan 1;33(1):283-7.

64. Momeni S, Farrokhnia M, Karimi S, Nabipour I. Copper hydroxide nanostructure-modified carbon ionic liquid electrode as an efficient voltammetric sensor for detection of metformin: a theoretical and experimental study. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society. 2016 Jun;13:1027-35.

65. Radi AE, Eissa SH. Electrochemical study of glimepiride and its complexation with ?-cyclodextrin. Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications. 2010 Dec 1;76(1):13-25.

66. AL-TAEE AT, AL-HAFIDH AZ. Electrochemical Behavior of Valsartan, Glimepiride and Their Interaction with Each Other Using Square Wave Voltammetry. The Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics. 2019 Nov 24;7:236-48.

67. Sebaiy M. M., Abdelazeem A. I., Aboulfotouh A., Rouk A. A., Mohamed A. A., Mahny A. G. (2022) Instrumental Analysis of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Different Matrices. Curr. Res: Integr. Med. 7(2):1-8. DOI:10.37532.2022.7.2

68. Batakoushy H. A., Omar M. A., Ahmed H. M., Abdel Hamid M. A., Sebaiy M. M. (2022) Review article: Pharmacology and Analytical Chemistry Profile of Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin andSaxagliptin. Modern App. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2(5): MAPP.000548 DOI: 10.31031/MAPP.2022.02.000548

69. Ali O. T., Elgendy K. M., Saad M. Z., Hassan W. S., Sebaiy M. M. (2021) Analytical Techniques for Determination of Albendazole, Fenbendazole, Omeprazole and Fluconazole in Pharmaceutical and Biological Samples. Int. J. Pathol. Immunol., 2(1): 1-24.

70. Lashine E. M., El-Sayed A. S., Elshahat A. K., Zaki A. R., El-Halaby A. S., Mostafa A. S., Shabaan A. K., Sobhy A. S., Abd Alsamed A. S., El-attar A. S., Farrag A. S., Sebaiy M. M. (2021) Spinal Muscle Atrophy (Types I & II & III & IV): Literature Review. Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Res., 4(6): 1-6.

71. Ramadan A., Abd-Elaziz A., Ismail E. M., Maher A., Hegazy K. M., Sebaiy M. M. (2021) Review article: Pharmacological and Analytical Profile of Celecoxib. Pharm. Sci. Biomed. Anal. J., 4(1):128 https://scientificliterature.org/Pharmaceutics/Pharmaceutics-21-128.pdf

72. Elsabbagh O. I., Soror A. W., Moselhy A. Y., Elayat A. E., Hafez A. M., Saleh A. M., Nagib O. A., Khorkhash E. I., Abdelgalil E. I., Abdelmaksod E. I., Elsayed E. A., Sebaiy M. M. (2021) Literature Review on Obesity: Causes, Treatment and Correlation with Pandemic COVID-19. Pharm. Drug Regul. Affair J. (PDRAJ)., 4(1): 000124. DOI: 10.23880/pdraj-16000124

73. Ibrahim SM, Elshafiey EH, Abdulrahim ER, Azazy ER, Abd-Elghany EZ, et al. Steroids in Medicinal Chemistry: Literature Review. Academic Journal of Chemistry. 2021;6(3):69-78.

74. Ibrahim AE, Elhenawee M, Saleh H, Sebaiy MM. Overview on liquid chromatography and its greener chemistry application. Annals of Advances in Chemistry. 2021 Apr 7;5(1):004-12.

75. Abdel-Aziz L. M., Soror A. A., Hassan A. A., Ali A. S., Hafez A. A., Hemdan A. A., Sebaiy M. M. (2021) Review article: Instrumental Analysis of Chlordiazepoxide in Different Matrices. Int. Res. J. Multidiscipl. Technovat. (IRJMT)., 3(5): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.34256/irjmt2151

76. Sebaiy MM. Mini-review on Glaucoma Drugs, Timolol and Latanoprost: Mode of Action and Analytical Methods. Open J Pharma Sci. 2021;1:1-3.

77. Sebaiy MM. Analytical Review: Methods of Determination for Ledipasvir and Velpatasvir in Pharmaceutical and Biological samples. BR Nahata Smriti Sansthan International Journal of Phramaceutical Sciences & Clinical Research. 2021 Aug 12;1(2).

78. Ibrahim AE, Elhenawee M, Saleh H, Sebaiy MM. Sci Forschen.

79. Sebaiy M. M., Shanab A. G., Nasr A. K., Hosney A. E., Elsaid A. G., Ramadan A. H. (2021) Literature Review on Spectrophotometric, Chromatographic and Voltammetric Analysis of Ivermectin. Med. Anal. Chem. Int. J. (MACIJ)., 5(1): 000170. https://doi.org/10.23880/macij-16000170

80. Kumaraswamy G, Pranay K, Rajkumar M, Lalitha R. Novel stabilty indicating rp-hplc method simultaneous determination of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir in bulk and combined tablet dosage forms. Innov Int J Med Pharm Sci. 2017;2(7).

81. Abdel-Aziz LM, Sapah AA, Naser A, Abd-Elaziz A, El-Emary A, et al.. Spectroscopic, Chromatographic and Electrochemical Determination of Indomethacin in Different Matrices. European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology. 2021 Jun 29;1(2):32-40.

82. Sebaiy MM, Farouk EM, Lotfy EM, Mokhtar EM, Abd-Elgwad EN, et al. (2021) Review article: Spectroscopic, Chromatographic and Electrochemical Analysis of Azithromycin in Different Matrices. J Drug Des Res 8(2):1084.

83. Adel E. Ibrahim, Magda Elhenawee, Hanaa Saleh, Mahmoud M. Sebaiy. “Overview on Hepatitis C, Treatment Strategy, Instrumental Analysis of Anti-HCV drugs’’. J Pharmacy and Drug Innovations, 2(2); DOI: http;//doi.org/03.2020/1.1014.

84. SARAYA RE, ELHENAWEE M, SALEH H, SEBAIY MM. Mini Review: Insights on Instrumental Analysis of Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir and Ritonavir. International Journal of Chemistry Research. 2021 Apr 1:1-4.

85. Elrefay H, Ismaiel OA, Hassan WS, Shalaby A, Fouad A, et al. Mini-Review on Various Analytical Methods for Determination of Certain Preservatives in Different Matrices. Int. J. Res. Stud. Sci., Eng. Technol.(IJRSSET). 2021;8:1-8.

86. Ibrahim A. E., Elhenawee M., Saleh H., Sebaiy M. M. (2021) Mini-review on Chromatography of Proteomics. Glob. J Chem. Sci. 1(1): 1-4.

87. Ali OT, Elgendy KM, Saad MZ, Hassan WS, Sebaiy MM. Review Article: Instrumental Analysis of Certain Azoles with Variant Anti-Infective Activity.

88. Saraya R. E., Elhenawee M., Saleh H., Sebaiy M. M. (2021) Review article on Analytical Techniques of Lamivudine Determination in Different Matrices. J. Adv. Pharm. Sci. Tech (JAPST)., 2(3): 37-46. DOI: 10.14302/issn.2328-0182.japst-20-3664

89. Scheme I. Analytical Methods for Determination of Certain Antihypertensive Drugs.

90. Sebaiy MM, Saraya RE, Elhenawee M, Saleh H. Analytical Methods for Determination of Ondansetron hydrochloride and Pantoprazole. Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences. 2021 Feb 24;4(2):1175-81.

91. Elbaramawi SS, El-Sadek ME, Baraka MM, Abdel-Aziz LM, Sebaiy MM. Instrumental analysis of some anti-ulcer drugs in different matrices. Chemical Reports. 2020 Nov 17;2(1):156-72.

92. Elkady Y, El-Adl SM, Baraka M, Sebaiy MM. Literature Review of Analytical Methods for Determination of Triamcinolone Acetonide and Benzyl Alcohol. Novel Approaches in Drug Designing & Development. 2020;5(3):49-54.

93. Yara Elkady, Sobhy M. El-Adl, Mohamed Baraka and Mahmoud M. Sebaiy (2020) Analytical Methods for Determination of Salbutamol, Ambroxol and Fexofenadine J, Biotechnology and Bioprocessing 1(1); DOI: 10.31579/2766-2314/004

94. Ibrahim F, Sobhy M, Baraka MM, Ibrahim SM, Sebaiy MM. Analytical methods for the determination of certain antibiotics used in critically ill patients. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Research. 2020 Jun 9;2(1):99-117.

95. Sebaiy MM, Abdellatef HE, Elhenawee MM, Elmosallamy MA, Alshuwaili MK. Review Article: Instrumental Analysis of Olopatadine Hydrochloride, Oxeladine Citrate, Amlodipine Besylate and Xipamide. Int J Analyt Bioanalyt Methods. 2020;2(010).

96. Sebaiy MM, Sm EA, Mm B, Aa H. Analytical Methods for Determination of Certain Sartans and Diuretics. J. Chem. Sci. Chem. Eng. 2020;1:11-8.

97. Sebaiy MM, Hegazy KM, Ebrahim AM, Essam FM, Amin FA, et al. Captopril and Hydrochlorothiazide: Insights on Pharmacology and Analytical Chemistry Profile. Journal of Chemistry & its Applications. 2022;1(2):1-2.

98. Elrefay H, Ismaiel OA, Hassan WS, Shalaby A, Fouad A, Sebaiy MM. Literature Review on Instrumental Analysis of Metformin Hydrochloride, Glibenclamide, Glimepiride and Pioglitazone Hydrochloride in Different Matrices. Pharmaceutical Sciences And Biomedical Analysis Journal. 2022; 4(1):130

99. Sebaiy MM, Elrefay H, Ismaiel OA, HassanWS, Shalaby A , et al. (2022) Insights on Analytical Methods for Determination of Risperidone, Levetiracetam, Sodium Valproate and Oxcarbazepine. Der Pharmacia Sinica Vol:13 No:3

100. Mahmoud M. Sebaiy, Mohamed Y . Hassaballah and Noha I. Ziedan. Topoisomerase II Inhibitor as a Potential Therapy for Severe COVID-19: Antiviral Activity and Molecular Docking Studies. Pharmaceutical Sciences And Biomedical Analysis Journal. 2022; 4(2):132

101. Sebaiy MM, Abdelmonem A, Reda A, Fathy A, Gamal A. Insights on COVID-19 Pathophysiology and Treatment. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Drug Safety. 2022;1:103.

102. Sebaiy MM, Hegazy KM, Ebrahim AM, Essam FM, Amin FA, et al. Captopril and Hydrochlorothiazide: Insights on Pharmacology and Analytical Chemistry Profile. Journal of Chemistry & its Applications. 2022;1(2):1-2.

Journal of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials

Review Article Open Access

Volume 4 | Issue 1 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33696/Nanotechnol.4.037

The Methods of Analysis for Determination of Metformin and Glimepiride in Different Matrices

Lobna M. Abdel-Aziz¹, Ahmed S. Abdelkhalek¹, Alyaa Antar¹, Emad H. Abdelraziq¹, Emad A. Farghaly¹, Emad M. Elsayed¹, Emad Y. Metwally¹, Ammar Y. Khalil¹, Ammar T. Khalifa¹, Mahmoud M. Sebaiy^1,*

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Review of Analytical Methods

Conclusion

References

Recommended Articles

Prospective Evaluation of Effect of Metformin on Activation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) and Disease Control in a Sub-group Analysis of Patients with GI Malignancies

Metformin in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Can Mono- or Combination Therapy of Metformin with Cimetidine and Ibuprofen be a Promising Potential Therapy for Breast Cancer?

The Methods of Analysis for Determination of Metformin and Glimepiride in Different Matrices

About Scientific Archives

Scientific Archives LLC

Journal of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials

Review Article Open Access

Volume 4 | Issue 1 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.33696/Nanotechnol.4.037

The Methods of Analysis for Determination of Metformin and Glimepiride in Different Matrices

Lobna M. Abdel-Aziz1, Ahmed S. Abdelkhalek1, Alyaa Antar1, Emad H. Abdelraziq1, Emad A. Farghaly1, Emad M. Elsayed1, Emad Y. Metwally1, Ammar Y. Khalil1, Ammar T. Khalifa1, Mahmoud M. Sebaiy1,*

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Review of Analytical Methods

Conclusion

References

Recommended Articles

Prospective Evaluation of Effect of Metformin on Activation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) and Disease Control in a Sub-group Analysis of Patients with GI Malignancies

Metformin in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Can Mono- or Combination Therapy of Metformin with Cimetidine and Ibuprofen be a Promising Potential Therapy for Breast Cancer?

The Methods of Analysis for Determination of Metformin and Glimepiride in Different Matrices

References Information

About Scientific Archives

Lobna M. Abdel-Aziz¹, Ahmed S. Abdelkhalek¹, Alyaa Antar¹, Emad H. Abdelraziq¹, Emad A. Farghaly¹, Emad M. Elsayed¹, Emad Y. Metwally¹, Ammar Y. Khalil¹, Ammar T. Khalifa¹, Mahmoud M. Sebaiy^1,*