Background: Sepsis arises when an uncontrolled systemic immune response to infection leads to life-threatening organ dysfunction. Despite available therapies, sepsis remains a major global health challenge with high mortality. Further research into molecular mechanisms, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and novel treatments is critical to improve outcomes.

Main Text: This review explores recent advances in preclinical sepsis research, which provides pivotal insights to guide clinical practice. Studies have revealed intricate molecular pathways underlying dysregulated inflammation, coagulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death signaling that drive sepsis progression. This has enabled identification of potential therapeutic targets like toll-like receptors, inflammasomes, and endothelial dysfunction. Innovative pharmacological agents, immunomodulatory therapies, and cell-based treatments have shown promise in preclinical evaluations. Precision medicine approaches leveraging genomics, biomarkers, and AI may further enable personalized care. To study sepsis, researchers utilize animal models and in vitro systems, which continue to improve in replicating human pathophysiology. However, enhanced translation of preclinical findings to patients remains a barrier.

Short conclusions: Preclinical research has uncovered novel strategies to combat sepsis, but ongoing efforts are vital to translate these scientific innovations into clinical impact. A multifaceted approach can help overcome current management limitations and save lives. Further unraveling molecular mechanisms, developing new therapies, and bridging preclinical-clinical gaps. 

Pharmacological interventions, Post-sepsis syndrome, Molecular mechanisms, Animal models, Extracorporeal therapies, Immunomodulators, Cell-based therapies