Journal of Clinical Haematology

Excessive bleeding or hemorrhage in traumatic injuries is the leading preventable cause of death in the combat and civilian trauma centers. Nearly 50% of military deaths, 90% of military battlefield casualties, and 33-56% mortalities in civilian’s surgical bleeding are associated with severe bleeding and can be prevented. Hence, significant and rapid hemostasis or bleeding control require innovative strategies with easy to use, stable, and inexpensive processing. Furthermore, the developed hemostatic material should ensure biocompatibility and biodegradability with non-immunogenic properties. To date, a wide variety of hemostatic powders, dressings, and bandages have been investigated as useful materials in reducing hemorrhage. 

Platelet preparations (PDPs) have gained success, mainly due to their high concentrations of biologically active molecules, such as growth factors and cytokines, which play an important role in tissue repair and reconstruction. Recent knowledge shows that platelets can play a new role in tissue reproduction and vascular restoration, as well as being the protagonists of inflammatory processes and immune system responses. They release bio-active proteins and other active ingredients that can affect a number of phenomena that promote cell consumption, growth and transformation (growth factors).

Platelet transfusion is associated with the risk of sepsis from bacterial contamination due to the need to store units at room temperature in oxygen-permeable bags. This risk associated with platelet transfusion is highest among all transfusable blood components. Measures applied in the past several decades have significantly reduced the occurrence of patient morbidity and mortality but have not eliminated it totally. Sampling of processed platelets for bacterial culture after 24 hours post-collection lowered the rate of infection but still allowed contaminated transfusions to occur due to low levels of bacteria being missed during sampling. Bacteria entering log phase growth after 24 hours may not be detected.

The physiology of coagulation routes and paths is a cascade of several molecular phenomena and biological events which was classified into two categories based on their phenomena i.e., intrinsic and extrinsic, originated separately, consisting of various factors and features such as fibrinogen, prothrombin, plasma thromboplastin, Hageman factor, Christmas factor, and Stuart-Prower factor, participate in its physiology