T cell-mediated immune response is essential for host defense against viruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which has caused a global pandemic. Genetically engineered T cells with antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCR-Ts) are redirected to eliminate target cells via TCRs recognizing peptides bound with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).

The ability of mobile genetic elements to transfer drug resistance between bacteria can cause the rapid establishment of multi-drug resistance (MDR) [1,2], and human infection caused by multi-resistant, rather than susceptible organisms increases the likelihood of death [3]. 

Antimicrobial resistance is a significant global issue, posing a serious threat to the effective prevention and treatment of a growing range of resistant bacterial infections. While resistance trends vary among populations, evidence shows that the prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) is increasing. Infections caused by MDR organisms can lead to higher treatment costs, longer hospital stays, and increased mortality rates. Recently, there has been a rise in resistance among Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens causing both community and hospital-based infections.