Journal of Cancer Immunology

Commentary Open Access

A Promising Synergy: R-Ketorolac and GDF-15 Inhibitors to Overcome the Limitations of Monotherapy in Cancer Cachexia

Lingbing Zhang

Cancer cachexia remains one of the most devastating and under-treated complications of advanced malignancy. This multifactorial syndrome—characterized by severe weight loss, muscle wasting, adipose tissue depletion, anorexia, and systemic inflammation—afflicts up to 80% of patients with certain cancers (such as pancreatic) and directly contributes to reduced quality of life, poorer treatment tolerance, and increased mortality.

Commentary Open Access

Cancer of Unknown Primary Site in the Era of Molecular Diagnosis, Staging and Precision Therapy: A Commentary 

F. Anthony Greco

The clinicopathological syndrome of cancer of unknown primary site (CUP) is metastatic cancer without an identifiable anatomical primary site after a thorough evaluation and has been a diagnostic and therapeutic puzzle for many decades frustrating physicians and patients. Postmortem examinations have found very small clinically undetectable primary tumors in about 75% of cases from more than 20 different sites; even at autopsy very small primaries which are not visible or palpable are difficult to find and would require hundreds of blind tissue sections from every organ to detect. 

Review Article Open Access

Bridging the Global Gap: The Potential of Nutraceuticals in Addressing Cervical Cancer Disparities

Jacob M. Parker , Sidney R. Kritzmire , Mark R. Wakefield , Yujiang Fang

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-related cervical cancer (CC) still drives cancer-related mortality in low-to-middle income countries (LMICs), exacerbated by disparities in HPV screening, HPV vaccination status, specialist availability, and treatment costs compared to higher-income countries. This study describes how botanical nutraceuticals may provide a viable, low-cost strategy to target molecular hallmarks of HPV-related CC that would specifically benefit regions with limited access to specialized oncologists or radiotherapy infrastructure.

Commentary Open Access

Mechanistic Drivers, Translational Gaps, and Modeling Approaches for Ocular Adverse Events in Antibody–Drug Conjugate Therapy

Terezinha de Souza , Ping Peng , Rudy Gunawan , Jenna Voellinger , Haley D. Neff-LaFord , Iris C.R.M. Kolder , Chaitali Passey , Summer Feng , Jeffrey R. Harris

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), which merge the specificity of monoclonal antibodies with potent cytotoxic payloads, are becoming more common as a therapeutic option for cancer patients with multiple approvals and many more in clinical development. As of March 2026, 15 ADCs have been approved by the FDA for use in oncological indications (Table 1), and despite their targeted design, ocular adverse events (OAEs) have emerged as adverse events of special interest in patients across various tumor types.

Commentary Open Access

Innate Antiviral Immunity as a Double-Edged Determinant of Oncolytic Virotherapy Outcomes

Alexander T. Roberts , Efraín E. Rivera-Serrano

Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) has emerged as a promising cancer immunotherapy strategy that combines selective tumor cell infection and lysis with immune activation. However, clinical responses remain variable, and innate antiviral immunity is a key determinant of this variability. Type I interferon (IFN) signaling and downstream interferon-stimulated genes can restrict viral replication, limit intratumoral spread, and reduce direct oncolysis, particularly in tumors with intact or elevated antiviral programs.