The pivotal work by Zijian Xie provided groundbreaking insights describing that the Na/K-ATPase (NKA), in addition to being an essential ion pump, also functions as a signal transducer with the capability to interact with multiple signaling partners. As an extension of this, our work along with a large body of work from the laboratories of Blaustein and Hamlyn as well as Bagrov and Fedorova, demonstrated that there were two major classes of endogenous NKA ligands or cardiotonic steroids (CTS), those from the cardenolide class such as ouabain and those which were bufadienolide such as marinobufagenin.

This review underscores the important role of nutrition in enhancing the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). Highlighting the efficacy of dietary interventions, including, the importance of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins D and B-12, and the Mediterranean diet, we delineate how these beneficial nutritional strategies can improve the effectiveness of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), mitigate its side effects, and ameliorate metabolic disorders in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). 

This study highlights a unique case of amiodarone toxicity, presenting with atypical symptoms of bilateral concentric visual field constriction and ambulation instability, without optic neuropathy or optic nerve edema. Despite no decline in visual acuity, the patient experienced significant visual field loss, along with gait instability, both of which resolved upon discontinuing amiodarone. This case underscores the importance of thorough baseline medication reconciliation and heightened awareness of unusual amiodarone-induced side effects impacting both visual fields and balance.