Thyroid and parathyroid disorders are common but timely diagnosis can be difficult due to the subclinical nature of symptoms in the early stages of disease. Clinicians face many challenges when treating previously unrecognized thyroid and parathyroid disease as delays in treatment initiation often come at the expense of other organ systems being affected. Prompt recognition and treatment of thyroid and parathyroid disorders can have a beneficial impact on health outcomes and can help reduce the economic burden associated with the treatment of advanced disease. This review will discuss the key diagnostic considerations, clinical manifestations and treatment of primary hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and primary hyperparathyroidism.