Although the prevalence of gastric cancer is decreasing in many developed nations, it is the fourth most prevalent cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Around 8 percent of recently diagnosed malignant tumors are stomach cancer, more than 7,00,000 individuals die from gastric cancer yearly. Despite extensive research into new diagnostic and therapeutic methods, the prognosis for individuals with advanced stomach cancer remains dismal, and survival rates have hardly improved. In recent years, many latest innovations have improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and modifications that contribute to gastric cancer’s beginning and progression, including several genetic and molecular modifications and mutations.

Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) infection in the brain results in mild cognitive, motor and sensory deficits in more than 50% of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH), despite systemic viral suppression.

Chemokines, a group of small cytokines, play a central role in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis by regulating the migration, proliferation, and activation of lymphocytes. These chemotactic factors of immune cells are directly involved in various cellular biological activities, including cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and diffusion. The aberrant expression of lymphocyte chemokines and their receptors is closely related to the biological behavior of host immune cells as well as the specific and non-specific immune responses to viral infections and may influence the prognosis of viral diseases.