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Isaac E. Kim, Jr
Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USAArticles List
Second-Line Systemic Therapies in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Current Insights and Future Directions
Eric A. Singer , Isaac E. Kim, Jr , Karie Runcie , Vivian Wong
Over the past few decades, the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has rapidly increased with a considerable portion of patients presenting with metastatic disease (mRCC) and subsequent poor prognosis. Survival drops even further for those whose diseases progress on first-line therapy including immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In this review, we highlight the main second-line systemic therapies including TKIs, mTOR inhibitors, ICIs, and HIF-2α inhibitors along with their mechanisms of action and supporting clinical trials.
J Cancer Immunol, 2025, Volume 7, Issue 2, p81-94 | DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.7.107
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Eric A. Singer
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Urologic Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Karie Runcie
Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Vivian Wong
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Urologic Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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