The survival probability of early human conceptions is very low. At least 73% of natural single conceptions have no real chance of surviving six weeks of gestation. After six weeks, survival rates improve rapidly as 90% of the remainder will survive to term. This low fetal loss rate is close to the low rates of 1% - 2.9% for different methods of artificial reproduction. From 16 weeks the rate of loss reduces further, to around 1%.

Introduction: The ‘sterile womb paradigm’ is currently under debate and the advent of next generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing is driving the characterization of microbes associated with the amniotic cavity during pregnancy. Objective: To characterize the bacterial diversity in placentas from preterm and term births using next generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing in association with adverse pregnancy outcomes and histopathology studies. 

Purpose: Doppler flow parameters of fetal umbilical artery (UA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) have been widely used for fetal growth restriction (FGR), but their diagnostic efficacy remains contentious. The purpose of this study is to clarify the superiority of cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and umbilicocerebral ratio (UCR) in terms of their correlation and predictive accuracy in diagnosing FGR.

Full-thickness skin graft (FTSG) donor sites are often closed primarily, particularly when small and located in areas with adequate tissue laxity. Despite primary closure, these sites may still experience delayed healing, discomfort, or hypertrophic scarring. Placental extract gel, derived from human placenta, is rich in growth factors, cytokines, and bioactive peptides known to facilitate wound healing and modulate scar formation through enhanced angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory action, and microbial resistance. Its biocompatibility and regenerative properties make it a promising adjunct in wound care.