Abstract
Production of high value recombinant pharmaceuticals using plant-based systems, otherwise called molecular pharming has greatly advanced over the past few years. In particular, recombinant prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines as well as therapeutic antibodies against infectious human viruses have been generated by stable expression using transgenic plant systems while transient expression has been accomplished using plant virus-based expression mechanisms. A majority of them have been shown to be effective in animal models while many have proved to be successful in human clinical trials. This mini-review focuses on recent developments in vaccine biopharming towards combating human viral infections addressed by the recent review of Venkataraman et al., 2021 in addition to taking a critical look of the perspectives presented in this review. Broadly, the current manuscript brings to light recent progresses made in molecular biopharming against viruses such as the HBV, HCV, HPV, Influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and the Zika virus through various plant-based modalities of expression. Importantly, this mini-review highlights the incidence of HIV infection, molecular determinants of HIV relevant to the development of plant-based anti-HIV biopharmaceuticals in addition to recent advancements in the expression of plant-based vaccines against HIV. Formulations such as plant viral VLPs and VNPs for display of viral antigens have been largely addressed in addition to the expression of therapeutic anti-viral antibodies in plant systems. The application of biopharmed vaccines against human viruses in medical practices and as emergency response prophylactics and therapeutics seems highly promising for the forthcoming future.