The role of the microbiome in the development and treatment of genitourinary malignancies is just starting to be appreciated. Accumulating evidence suggests that the microbiome can modulate immunotherapy through signaling in the highly dynamic tumor microenvironment. Nevertheless, much is still unknown about the immuno-oncology-microbiome axis, especially in urologic oncology. The objective of this review is to synthesize our current understanding of the microbiome’s role in modulating and predicting immunotherapy response to genitourinary malignancies.
Biren Saraiya
Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Jake Drobner
Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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John Pfail
Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Saum Ghodoussipour
Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Vignesh T. Packiam
Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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