Orbital Lymphoproliferative Disorders (OLPDs) in a 3-year-old Child: Case Report and Review of Literature

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Background
Orbital lymphoproliferative disorders (OLPDs) are a group of diseases characterized by abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes. It is frequent in adults, but rare in children. It is a group spectrum of diseases from benign to malignant, mainly including reactive lymphocytic hyperplasia, atypical lymphocytic hyperplasia, and lymphoma. There is no clear distinction standard for these three types in clinical practice, and they have similar imaging features in imaging, and MR imaging is also limited in differentiation [1]. It is often difficult to distinguish by pathological diagnosis, so immunohistochemistry and molecular biology techniques are needed to improve the accuracy of diagnosis. Due to the rare incidence in children, it is more difficult to diagnosis accurately. We report a case of orbital lymphoproliferative disorders in a 3-year-old female, and analyze the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease by reviewing the current literature.

Discussion and Conclusions
OLPDs frequently present as an orbital mass lesion (24%-49%) in adults, most of which are orbital primary lesions, especially in the lacrimal gland. Ocular adnexa include eyelid, conjunctiva, lacrimal organ is most commonly occurred because ocular lymphoid tissue is predominantly located in these areas [2][3][4]. About 37% of ocular adnexal lymphoma occurred in orbit, 29% in conjunctiva; 20% in the lacrimal apparatus; 14% in the eyelids. OLPDs are more common between the ages of 50 to 70 and more often in women. The pathogenesis is still unclear. And some studies reported that may be related to the infection of related pathogens, including Chlamydia psitsiti, mycoplasma, Epstein-Barr virus, etc. [5][6][7][8][9].
The disease usually presents as an orbital mass lesion with insidious symptoms, less painful early and more often be found until the obvious compression symptoms or enlarged masses. There are different clinical manifestations according to locations. The imaging examinations such as CT and MR can show the location, morphology, volume, and relationship with surrounding tissues, but these manifestations are not specific and have little significance in diagnosis [1,10,11]. Usually exophthalmos, blepharoptosis, strabismus, and movement disorders may occurred when the mass is located in the lacrimal gland, Light red fish flesh appearance, small pebble or multinodular appearance on conjunctiva surface, without eye movement disorder and protrusion when the mass is located in conjunctiva. Hard and tough nodules are palpable when in anterior orbitals or subconjunctival areas. Clinically, benign lesions generally have mild symptoms and signs, while malignant lesions are more severe, but they cannot be distinguished by symptoms and signs. In this case, a painless, palpable, and tough mass was located in the anterior orbit with fish-like appearance and many small pebble nodules. All these signs were consistent with lymphoproliferative lesions. However, due to the age and no systemic signs, the diagnosis should be combined with pathological basis.
OLPDs comprise of a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from benign to malignant lesions. Lymphoid hyperplasia and lymphoma are in each end of the spectrum, while atypical lymphoid hyperplasia is in the middle region. Mostly small cell non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma is difficult to be diagnosed in traditional histology. Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia can be diffuse distribution mainly composed of diffuse hyperplasia mature lymphocytes or follicular structure with a variety of transformed cells in the center and mature lymphocytes surrounding. Atypical lymphoproliferative lesions are mostly diffuse distribution, and there may be residual follicles. The cells may be monomorphic or polymorphic, mainly near mature or with large nucleolus-stained atypical cells scattered between lymphocytes and plasma cells. Ocular adnexal lymphomas are mostly B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, while T-cell lymphomas are rare. The traditional classification of lymphoma is complicated. WF [12] classifies tumors into low, medium, and high malignant degrees according to the morphological characteristics and the 5-year survival rate of patients. This classification is simple and easy, acceptable by clinicians, but it completely depends on the morphology of tumor cells. In 1994, REAL [13] reached a new classification of lymphoma according to the clinical process, morphology, immunophenotype, and genetic characteristics of the disease [14]. In 2001, a new classification was promulgated by WHO [15][16][17], which was partially modified on the basis of the REAL classification to make it more scientific. Coupland classified ocular adnexal lymphomas into 5 types according to REAL as follows: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, follicular central lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, plasmacytoma, and Gonoctic lymphoma. Jenkins classified it into mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, plasmacytoid cell lymphoma, follicular central lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and other rare lymphomas [18]. The characteristics of ocular accessory lymphoma are that the cell morphology of lymphoma is a certain stage in the process of normal lymphocyte transformation with corresponding When the pathological tissue is typical, the diagnosis is not difficult. However, some overlaps often exist on morphology, especially when the cell morphology is immature and there is no typical manifestation of lymphoma, the differentiation is more difficult. Immunohistochemistry is needed to assist diagnosis, which is to use the principle of combining specific antibodies with specific antigens in cells to detect markers of different types of cells in lymphoid tissue. It is currently an indispensable auxiliary detection technique for the pathological diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and classification of lymphoma of lymphoid tissue proliferative lesions. At present, there are 247 international CD series antibodies, and there are several non-CD series, such as CK, EMA, S100, TdT, Cyclin D1, etc., and the vast majority of antibodies can be labeled with paraffinembedded tissue sections. Antibodies can be divided into polyclonal and monoclonal, the former has poor specificity, and the latter has strong specificity but high cost. There are also problems with insufficient sensitivity and specificity.
The morphological structure characteristics of histiocytes are the main elements of diagnosis, and immunomarkers and genetic detection play an important role in the differential diagnosis of lymphoma. Different antibody positivelyexpressed cell sites are different. For example, CD20, CD10, and CD45RO are positive for cell membranes, while CD3, CK, and CD68 are cytosolic positive, PAX5 and Ki-67 are nucleuspositive, and S100 is co-positive to nucleus-cytoplasmic. B-cell labeled antibody PAX5 nucleus is positive and has the strongest specificity, while T cell labeled antibody CD3 has good specificity, CD21 is used to label follicular dendritic cell network, which can play an auxiliary role in judging lymphatic follicle preservation or erosion and destruction.
Ki-67 has a good effect on labeling the proliferation index of lymphohistiocyte or tumor cells, and has a good auxiliary effect on the labeling and abnormal destruction of follicular germinal centers.
Lymphoid tissue reactive hyperplasia was composed of simplex diffuse lymphocyte hyperplasia and a few lymphocytes of different stages of maturation among the mature lymphocytes, but there was no obvious atypical and mitosis. Immunohistochemistry showed polyclonal hyperplasia to help to diagnose. In atypical lymphoid hyperplasia, there is mitotic phase outside the germinal center. Immunohistochemistry shows monoclonal proliferation, but the lesion is mainly composed of mature lymphocytes, without single immature characteristics. Mucous-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a low-grade malignant small B-cell lymphoma with clinical manifestations of indolent progression and monocular onset. The lesion with gray-white or gray-red fishlike surface grows irregular mucosa-like tissue around the eye ring without obvious boundary. On the morphology, MALT lymphoma lesions for different types of cells proliferation, with marginal zone B cell or mononuclear cell is given priority to, with varying degrees of mother cell transformation and plasma cell differentiation, can have follicular structure and the implantation of germinal center, and infringement of epithelial or glands, formation of lymphatic epithelial lesions [19][20][21]. Follicular lymphoma is a type of B-cell lymphoma that usually occurs in children and often lacks t (14; 18) translocation and bcl-2 protein expression that is difficult to distinguish from MALT lymphoma. Typical pediatric follicular lymphoma often occurs in the cervical lymph nodes of boys and presents as large follicles with vigorous hyperplasia, mantle area is often present, and sometimes accompanied by progressive germinal center transformation. Immunohistochemistry of CD10 and bcl-6 showed that the positive tumor cells outside the follicular were more supportive of pediatric follicular lymphoma, while CD21 and CK were supportive to diagnosis of MALT lymphoma [16]. Other small B-cell lymphomas are rare in children and adolescents who usually express specific antigens, such as CD5, CD23, or cyclin D1 [16].
In this case, the monocular lesion was irregular mucosa-like tissue, and the section surface was gray-red, medium, or soft, and had a fish-like appearance. In morphology, more lymphocyte hyperplasia and CD10 and Bcl-2 are positive, which cannot exclude the indolent clinical process of MALT. At the same time, B cells and T cell immune antibodies, CD20 and CD79a are positive, PAX5 nucleus is positive, indicating that its B cell antibodies are positive, CD3 and CD5 are positive, indicating that T cell antibodies are positive, consider polyclonal hyperplasia, and reactive hyperplasia. CD21 (FDC+) shows irregular follicular dendritic cell network (FDC net), Ki67 proliferation index of about 10%, in situ hybridization EBER negative, more inclined to benign lesions of OLPDs. We cannot diagnose exactly which type of OLPDs it is.
OLPDs represent a spectrum of changes from polyclonal to monoclonal B-cell populations. Reactive hyperplasia is polyclonal, while lymphoma is monoclonal. This method is of great significance for the diagnosis. Therefore, the application of immunohistochemistry and PCR technology is helpful to further clarify the diagnosis of some cases that are difficult to be diagnosed morphologically. Histomorphological characteristics and immunohistochemical examination are the basic methods for the diagnosis of OLPDs, and the detection of IgH gene rearrangement and κ or λ restriction expression has certain clinical advantages in the diagnosis of OLPDs, and the higher positive rate of the two is of great significance for diagnosis. The failure to rearrange the IgH gene and κ or λ testing in this patient is also a deficiency of this article.
Most of the lymphoproliferative lesions showed localized with clear boundaries which can be completely resected. Only a little are invasive and extensive which is difficult to be completely resected with a long course and poor prognosis. In addition, due to the brittle and fragile swelling material of lymphoproliferative lesions, clamp in the operation often causes to break, which is difficult to completely remove, so it is necessary to fully separate the lesions in advance and avoid clamping. Most lymphomas are in lazy with slow growth and few systemic metastases. For those with a wide range of lymphomas, excessive and thorough resection should not be forced. Postoperative radiotherapy [21,22] and chemotherapy [22,23] can be combined to avoid the occurrence of serious complications. Specific treatment options depend on the location, shape, and size of the lesion, as well as the clinical stage of the lesion and the patient's general condition [24][25][26]. Therefore, prior to treatment, we must perform relevant examinations and pre-evaluation. Due to the lack of specific clinical features of orbital lymphoma, some patients may be misdiagnosed or missed. If orbital lymphoma has non-specific manifestations, detailed imaging studies combined with early tissue biopsy are helpful for the early diagnosis. Once the diagnosis is made and the stage of the disease is defined, treatment should be given according to the specific situation.
In study, the boundary of the tumor was clear and easily resected completely. After surgical treatment, there was no sign of recurrence until now.
We should familiarize with the clinical features of OLPDs. Immunohistochemical staining should be reasonably used, combined with the clinical characteristics of patients, detailed and comprehensive analysis. And molecular biological techniques and gene rearrangement techniques [27][28][29] should be used to confirm the diagnosis. At the same time, the follow-up work should be strengthened. No matter if it is benign or malignant lesions, postoperative recurrence is possible. Therefore, strengthening the clinical follow-up of patients can timely grasp the patient's condition, so as to make corresponding treatment in time, and change the treatment plan if necessary.

Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Ethics Committee Board.

Consent for publication
Written informed consent was obtained from the mother of the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. All authors have viewed and agreed to the submission.