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Journal of Experimental Neurology
ISSN: 2692-2819
Volume 5, Issue 3, p107-166
Articles published in this issue are Open Access and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY NC) where the readers can reuse, download, distribute the article in whole or part by mentioning proper credits to the authors.
The Role and Mechanism of Autoantibodies in Dysimmunity Related Neurological Diseases
Autoantibodies are antibodies produced by B cells capable of attacking their own tissues or organs after loss of immune tolerance. A large body of literature shows that autoantibodies play an important role in neurological diseases associated with immune abnormalities. Nowadays, neurological disorders are an important cause of disability and death in populations around the world, so it is important to study the role and mechanisms of autoantibodies in neurological disorders associated with immune abnormalities.
J Exp Neurol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 3, p107-120 | DOI: 10.33696/Neurol.5.094Atezolizumab Induced Neurotoxicity : A Systematic Review
Traditionally, cytotoxic chemotherapy dominated cancer treatment, but in recent years, immunotherapies, mainly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have revolutionized cancer therapy by enhancing T-cell responses. Despite their efficacy, ICIs can induce toxicities affecting various organs, including the nervous system. Although rare, neurological complications of ICIs can be severe, contributing significantly to treatment-related mortality.
J Exp Neurol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 3, p121-140 | DOI: 10.33696/Neurol.5.095Gender Differences in the Association between Sedentary Time, Screen Time, and Depression
Previous research has indicated a relationship between sedentary time and depression, but it is unclear how this relationship differs by gender or subtype of sedentary behavior. This commentary expands our previous study on screen time, gender, and depression by examining relationships between sedentary time, gender, and depression. This additional analysis utilized the 2017- March 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
J Exp Neurol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 3, p141-144 | DOI: 10.33696/Neurol.5.096Testing the Efficacy of Minocycline Treatment in an Awake, Female Rat Model of Repetitive Mild Head Injury
Minocycline is being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of stroke and traumatic brain injury. As an antibiotic it reduces microglia activation. Can minocycline be used to treat mild repetitive head injury? To that end, minocycline was tested in a novel, closed-head, momentum exchange model of repetitive mild head injury in female rats impacted while fully awake. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed there was no brain damage or contusion attesting to the mild nature of the head impacts in this model.
J Exp Neurol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 3, p145-161 | DOI: 10.33696/Neurol.5.097Acute Obstructive Hydrocephalus and Acute Cerebellar Ischemic Stroke as a Complication of Takayasu Arteritis in a Young Male Patient: A Rare Case Report
Introduction: Takayasu arteritis is a rare type of vasculitis associated with various neurological manifestations. Multiple components, including thrombosis, embolism, stenosis, and vascular inflammation, are involved in the underlying pathophysiology. Case Presentation: A 21-year-old male patient presented with vomiting, difficulty speaking, disorientation, and seizures. On examination, pinpoint pupils and blood pressure discrepancies among four limbs were noted.
J Exp Neurol, 2024, Volume 5, Issue 3, p162-166 | DOI: 10.33696/Neurol.5.098Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR NK Cells Emerging Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer
Although NK cells are recognized as effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system, they also regulate the adaptive immune response by releasing inflammatory cytokines and developing immunological memory. Unlike other lymphocytes such as T or B cells, NK cells do not express rearrangeable, antigen-specific receptors.
pMB FLASH - Status and Perspectives of Combining Proton Minibeam with FLASH Radiotherapy
Proton minibeam radiotherapy (pMBRT) is an external beam radiotherapy method with reduced side effects by taking advantage of spatial fractionation in the normal tissue. Due to scattering, the delivered small beams widen in the tissue ensuring a homogeneous dose distribution in the tumor. In this review, the physical and biological principles regarding dose distribution and healing effects are explained. In the last decade, several preclinical studies have been conducted addressing normal tissue sparing and tumor control in-vitro and in-vivo, using human skin tissue and mouse or rat models. The major results acquired in these studies are summarized. A further newly emerging therapy method is FLASH radiotherapy, i.e. the treatment using ultra-high dose rates. The possibility of combining these methods in proton minibeam FLASH therapy (pMB FLASH) is worked out. Additionally, technical feasibility and limitations will be discussed by looking at simulations as well as preclinical studies and also pointing out new ways of delivering the desired tumor dose, such as interlacing. We will also highlight the opportunities that emerge regarding high dose radiation, hypofractionation and the combination with immunotherapy.
Gender Disparities in Outcomes Following Pulmonary Embolism Treatment in the Intensive Care Unit; A Multi-center Retrospective Cohort Study
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of blood flow in the pulmonary artery bed that can result in a life-threatening and potentially reversible right ventricular failure [1]. PE remains one of the leading causes of poor prognosis and death, particularly when a shock or right ventricular failure occurs [2]. According to studies, PE is generally manifested in a nonspecific manner
Safety of Using Rituximab Therapy During COVID-19 Pandemic
Rituximab is a chimeric (20% rodent and 80% human) monoclonal antibody that binds to the CD20 antigen present on the cell surface and leads to depletion of mature B-cells [1,2]. It is the first approved monoclonal antibody to be used in the therapy of indolent B-cell non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Deubiquitinase as Potential Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy
During the last few decades, immunotherapy is considered to be an important approach to help our immune system to fight various kinds of diseases, such as tumor. Sometimes, it works very well for some types of cancers, for example: bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer and lymphoma.
Acute Success and Long-term Follow-up of Catheter Ablation of Isthmus-dependent Atrial Flutter; A Comparison of 10 mm Tip Standard, 6 mm Tip Irrigated Radiofrequency, and Cryotherapy Catheters
Various catheter ablation technologies have evolved to improve the procedural success and safety of cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) block. Numerous studies have compared the different energy types, catheter tip sizes, and energy settings.
Early Onset Fetal Growth Restriction: Does Path to Diagnosis Impact Outcomes and Pathology?
The etiology of fetal growth restriction is rooted in inadequate maternal-placental vascular malperfusion (MVM) of the placenta. Risk factors for MVM are broad and include maternal, fetal, and placental antecedent determinants.
Physiotherapy Research in a Danish University Hospital: A Retrospective Review, 2010-2018
Patients of all ages with motor disorders expect highquality assessments and evidence- based treatment [1]. In university hospitals, alongside medical training and treatment of patients, research [2] is an integral part of the skills for medical professionals e.g. doctors, nurses, occupational therapists and physiotherapists.
Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Modulation of Cancer Immunotherapy Response
The gut microbiome or gut flora is a vast community of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi that inhabit the digestive tract of the human and other animals [1,2]. In the human body, bacterial species colonize into the oral cavity, skin, vagina, and placenta, however, the largest population of microorganisms resides in the intestine.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, affecting nearly one in eight women. Accurate cancer staging is essential for determining the patient’s prognosis and for choosing the appropriate treatment.
Radical Radiotherapy of Locally Advanced Cervix Uteri Carcinoma
Cervix uteri carcinoma is the most common gynecological cancer worldwide. In addition, it is the fourth most common malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in women [1]. The most common histopathological subtype is squamous cell carcinoma (85%).
Machine Learning for Healthcare: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Disease Diagnosis
Diagnosis is a process that identifies, explains, or establishes the individual’s disease from its symptoms and signs. Early and precise diagnosis is crucial since it influences the efficacy of treatment and avoids longterm complications for the infected person. Further, in the case of infectious diseases, undiagnosed patients can transmit the disease to a healthy population unknowingly. Besides, most of the diseases evolve with the time that significantly affects the clinical outcomes.
Surgery Versus Radiation Therapy for Early-Stage Lung Cancer: Patient Selection is Crucial
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer related death in the United States with mortality rates surpassing breast, prostate, brain, and colorectal cancers combined. Recent data shows that susceptibility for both men and women for developing invasive lung and bronchogenic carcinoma peak after the age of 70 years.
SorLA Targeting - A Method to Overcome Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer
Tyrosine kinase-type cell surface receptor HER2- targeted therapies have dramatically improved breast cancer patients’ outcome compared to conventional chemotherapies. In the clinic, HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab with chemotherapy represent the gold standard treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.
The Pathogenesis of Continuous Spike and Waves during Slow Sleep Syndrome: Short Communication
Continuous spikes during slow wave sleep (CSWS) syndrome is an age-related and self-limited severe epileptic encephalopathy characterized by electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES) on electroencephalogram, seizures, and developmental regression
Multidirectional Benefits of Nanotechnology in the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis
Despite the curious advancement in medical science and therapeutics, tuberculosis (TB) persist the primary factor of mortality than any other infectious disease and socioeconomic disaster for millions of people around the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), World’s One-third of the population is infected with this disease and of these, 8 to 10 million people develop active disease and 2 million people die each year and the rest of the infected people remain asymptomatic.
Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Quo Vadis
Cardiovascular disease causes 30% of global mortality and is still the number one cause of death worldwide. A main patho-physiological process is the coronary disease leading to malperfusion and ischemic cardiac disease as well as cardiac infarction.
Dendorbium Nobile Lindl. Alkaloids Suppress NF-κB and NLRP3 Signaling Pathways to Attenuate Lipopolysaccharide-induced Neuroinflammation
The important immune cells in the brain are called microglia acting as the central junction between neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. In patients of cognitive disorders and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) animal models, amoebic morphology and inflammatory pathways are activated to release numerous cells in the inflammatory factors by active microglia.
Commentary on "The Gene Master Regulators GMR Approach Provides Legitimate Targets for Personalized, Time-Sensitive Cancer Gene Therapy"
For decades, the scientific community tried hard to identify the gene biomarkers whose mutations or regulations cause (better say are associated with) specific forms of cancer. For instance, the September 17th 2019 release of the Genomic Data Commons Data Portal includes 3,142,246 mutations detected in 22,872 genes sequenced from 37,075 cases of cancers localized in 67 primary sites.
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Fertility Sparing Surgery in Stage 1B2 Cervical Cancer
In 2020 we published a series of 18 patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and vaginal radical trachelectomy (VRT) as a fertility sparing alternative in stage 1B2 cervical cancer.
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